{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:29:33Z","timestamp":1792369773895,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001868","name":"National Science Council, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSC96-2627-B-002-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC96-2627-B-002-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We demonstrated the safety and efficacy of autologous chondrocyte precursor (CP) cell therapy in repairing Grade 4 cartilage defects of medial femoral condyles. The autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of each participant were isolated, amplified, and then differentiated into CPs in atelocollagen. Neotissues made of CPs were implanted into cartilage defects with an average cell density of 4.9 \u00b1 2.1 \u00d7 106 cells\/cm2 through arthrotomy. The knee function was evaluated with the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective knee form. Patients\u2019 knee functions significantly improved by the 28th week (IKDC score = 68.3 \u00b1 12.1), relative to the initial functionality before the CP therapy (IKDC score = 46.1 \u00b1 16.4, p-value = 0.0014). Nine of these twelve patients maintained good knee functions for 9 years post-implantation (IKDC score = 69.8 \u00b1 12.3) at levels higher than the pre-implantation values (p-value = 0.0018). Patients were evaluated with MRI and arthroscopy, and the defective sites exhibited a smooth surface without a gap between the implant and host tissue. This study demonstrates that autologous CPs successfully engraft into the host tissue and result in the re-formation of hyaline-like cartilage, thereby improving the impaired knee functions. Most importantly, no adverse event was reported during this long-term follow-up period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11070942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T04:46:57Z","timestamp":1624596417000},"page":"942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Atelocollagen-Embedded Chondrocyte Precursors as a Treatment for Grade-4 Cartilage Defects of the Femoral Condyle: A Case Series with up to 9-Year Follow-Up"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hwa-Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Taiwan Adventist Hospital, Taipei 10556, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10063, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Shang Thomas","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California Bone and Joint Clinic, Apple Valley, CA 92307, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen-Liang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Program for Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyh-Horng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10063, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Hung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 22060, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany Ting-Fang","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10063, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2994-6671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng-Huei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39692","article-title":"Updated projected prevalence of self-reported doctor-diagnosed arthritis and arthritis-attributable activity limitation among US adults, 2015\u20132040","volume":"68","author":"Hootman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"3","article-title":"Of the structure and disease of articulating cartilages","volume":"317","author":"Hunter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. 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