{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:53:37Z","timestamp":1790711617312,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1C1C1002490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1C1C1002490"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Global Research Development Center","award":["2018K1A4A3A01064257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018K1A4A3A01064257"]}]},{"name":"Priority Research Center","award":["2019R1A6A1A11034536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A6A1A11034536"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have increased rapidly, representing a major threat to human health. This problem has created an urgent need to identify alternatives for the treatment of MDR bacteria. The aim of this study was to identify the antibacterial activity of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and selenium nanowires (SeNWs) against MDR bacteria and assess the potential synergistic effects when combined with a conventional antibiotic (linezolid). SeNPs and SeNWs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, and UV-visible analysis. The antibacterial effects of SeNPs and SeNWs were confirmed by the macro-dilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. SeNPs showed MIC values against methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) at concentrations of 20, 80, 320, and &gt;320 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively. On the other hand, SeNWs showed a MIC value of &gt;320 \u03bcg\/mL against all tested bacteria. Therefore, MSSA, MRSA, and VRSA were selected for the bacteria to be tested, and SeNPs were selected as the antimicrobial agent for the following experiments. In the time-kill assay, SeNPs at a concentration of 4X MIC (80 and 320 \u03bcg\/mL) showed bactericidal effects against MSSA and MRSA, respectively. At a concentration of 2X MIC (40 and 160 \u03bcg\/mL), SeNPs showed bacteriostatic effects against MSSA and bactericidal effects against MRSA, respectively. In the synergy test, SeNPs showed a synergistic effect with linezolid (LZD) through protein degradation against MSSA and MRSA. In conclusion, these results suggest that SeNPs can be candidates for antibacterial substitutes and supplements against MDR bacteria for topical use, such as dressings. However, for use in clinical situations, additional experiments such as toxicity and synergistic mechanism tests of SeNPs are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11071028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T10:13:42Z","timestamp":1626257622000},"page":"1028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Selenium Nanoparticles as Candidates for Antibacterial Substitutes and Supplements against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hee-Won","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0393-9166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kapil D.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3613-5380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Hwan","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo-Kyung","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Hygiene, Hanseo University, Seosan 31962, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Su","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pre-Medi, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3917-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan Campbell","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae-Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7224-5507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hae-Hyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8678-5459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Hwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. 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