{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:41:46Z","timestamp":1792788106932,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":291,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82050410449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82050410449"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81921004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81921004"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["8130060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8130060"]}]},{"name":"QBiotics Group Australia","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Dunhill Medical Trust UK","award":["RPGF2006\\248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPGF2006\\248"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myofibroblasts are contractile, \u03b1-smooth muscle actin-positive cells with multiple roles in pathophysiological processes. Myofibroblasts mediate wound contractions, but their persistent presence in tissues is central to driving fibrosis, making them attractive cell targets for the development of therapeutic treatments. However, due to shared cellular markers with several other phenotypes, the specific targeting of myofibroblasts has long presented a scientific and clinical challenge. In recent years, myofibroblasts have drawn much attention among scientific research communities from multiple disciplines and specialisations. As further research uncovers the characterisations of myofibroblast formation, function, and regulation, the realisation of novel interventional routes for myofibroblasts within pathologies has emerged. The research community is approaching the means to finally target these cells, to prevent fibrosis, accelerate scarless wound healing, and attenuate associated disease-processes in clinical settings. This comprehensive review article describes the myofibroblast cell phenotype, their origins, and their diverse physiological and pathological functionality. Special attention has been given to mechanisms and molecular pathways governing myofibroblast differentiation, and updates in molecular interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11081095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]],"date-time":"2021-07-25T22:06:21Z","timestamp":1627250781000},"page":"1095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":232,"title":["Myofibroblasts: Function, Formation, and Scope of Molecular Therapies for Skin Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Tai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma L.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welsh Kidney Research Unit, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK"},{"name":"Regenerative Biology Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2221-2683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordanna","family":"Dally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welsh Kidney Research Unit, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK"},{"name":"Regenerative Biology Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deling","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Steadman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welsh Kidney Research Unit, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2812-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Moseley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Biology Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7622-0275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam C.","family":"Midgley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02147594","article-title":"Presence of modified fibroblasts in granulation tissue and their possible role in wound contraction","volume":"27","author":"Gabbiani","year":"1971","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1126\/science.173.3996.548","article-title":"Contraction of granulation tissue in vitro: Similarity to smooth muscle","volume":"173","author":"Majno","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.103.6.2787","article-title":"A monoclonal antibody against alpha-smooth muscle actin: A new probe for smooth muscle differentiation","volume":"103","author":"Skalli","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. 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