{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:13:24Z","timestamp":1791267204486,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016337","name":"Department for the Economy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004286","name":"Santen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaucoma is a group of optic neuropathies characterised by the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, resulting in damage to the optic nerve head (ONH) and loss of vision in one or both eyes. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is one of the major aetiological risk factors in glaucoma, and is currently the only modifiable risk factor. However, 30\u201340% of glaucoma patients do not present with elevated IOP and still proceed to lose vision. The pathophysiology of glaucoma is therefore not completely understood, and there is a need for the development of IOP-independent neuroprotective therapies to preserve vision. Neuroinflammation has been shown to play a key role in glaucoma and, specifically, the NLRP3 inflammasome, a key driver of inflammation, has recently been implicated. The NLRP3 inflammasome is expressed in the eye and its activation is reported in pre-clinical studies of glaucoma. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome results in IL-1\u03b2 processing. This pro inflammatory cytokine is elevated in the blood of glaucoma patients and is believed to drive neurotoxic inflammation, resulting in axon degeneration and the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). This review discusses glaucoma as an inflammatory disease and evaluates targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome as a therapeutic strategy. A hypothetical mechanism for the action of the NLRP3 inflammasome in glaucoma is presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11081239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T09:58:06Z","timestamp":1629367086000},"page":"1239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Targeting the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"Coyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Naeem","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melody","family":"Chemaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Solna, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Breedge","family":"Callaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsey","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1246-4166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin E.","family":"Willoughby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah D.","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Gregory-Ksander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"McGilligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: A review","volume":"311","author":"Weinreb","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224","article-title":"The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020","volume":"90","author":"Quigley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. 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