{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T13:42:33Z","timestamp":1790516553434,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The urgent need for new therapies for some devastating neuromuscular diseases (NMDs), such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, has led to an intense search for new potential biomarkers. Biomarkers can be classified based on their clinical value into different categories: diagnostic biomarkers confirm the presence of a specific disease, prognostic biomarkers provide information about disease course, and therapeutic biomarkers are designed to predict or measure treatment response. Circulating biomarkers, as opposed to instrumental\/invasive ones (e.g., muscle MRI or nerve ultrasound, muscle or nerve biopsy), are generally easier to access and less \u201ctime-consuming\u201d. In addition to well-known creatine kinase, other promising molecules seem to be candidate biomarkers to improve the diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of therapeutic response, such as antibodies, neurofilaments, and microRNAs. However, there are some criticalities that can complicate their application: variability during the day, stability, and reliable performance metrics (e.g., accuracy, precision and reproducibility) across laboratories. In the present review, we discuss the application of biochemical biomarkers (both validated and emerging) in the most common NMDs with a focus on their diagnostic, prognostic\/predictive and therapeutic application, and finally, we address the critical issues in the introduction of new biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11081246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T21:42:12Z","timestamp":1629668532000},"page":"1246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Circulating Biomarkers in Neuromuscular Disorders: What Is Known, What Is New"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8015-2597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Barp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroMuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento, Villa Rosa Hospital, Via Spolverine 84, 38057 Pergine Valsugana, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Ferrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroMuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento, Villa Rosa Hospital, Via Spolverine 84, 38057 Pergine Valsugana, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4111-1810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Casagrande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroMuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento, Villa Rosa Hospital, Via Spolverine 84, 38057 Pergine Valsugana, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Drug and Child Health, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4012-8175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Morini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroMuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento, Villa Rosa Hospital, Via Spolverine 84, 38057 Pergine Valsugana, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Zuccarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroMuscular Omnicentre (NeMO) Trento, Villa Rosa Hospital, Via Spolverine 84, 38057 Pergine Valsugana, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"226th ENMC International Workshop: Towards validated and qualified biomarkers for therapy development for Duchenne muscular dystrophy 20-22 January 2017, Heemskerk, The Netherlands","volume":"28","author":"Ferlini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. 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