{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:33:40Z","timestamp":1790858020880,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":280,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS090962, R01NS102395, R21NS109575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS090962, R01NS102395, R21NS109575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stem cell transplantation with rehabilitation therapy presents an effective stroke treatment. Here, we discuss current breakthroughs in stem cell research along with rehabilitation strategies that may have a synergistic outcome when combined together after stroke. Indeed, stem cell transplantation offers a promising new approach and may add to current rehabilitation therapies. By reviewing the pathophysiology of stroke and the mechanisms by which stem cells and rehabilitation attenuate this inflammatory process, we hypothesize that a combined therapy will provide better functional outcomes for patients. Using current preclinical data, we explore the prominent types of stem cells, the existing theories for stem cell repair, rehabilitation treatments inside the brain, rehabilitation modalities outside the brain, and evidence pertaining to the benefits of combined therapy. In this review article, we assess the advantages and disadvantages of using stem cell transplantation with rehabilitation to mitigate the devastating effects of stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11091316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T10:59:12Z","timestamp":1630925952000},"page":"1316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Combination of Stem Cells and Rehabilitation Therapies for Ischemic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Reed","family":"Berlet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Anthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Boulevard, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beverly","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8826-5043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Sadanandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgetown University, 3700 O St NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Shear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, 205 Fletcher Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blaise","family":"Cozene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bella","family":"Gonzales-Portillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University, 633 Clark St, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blake","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington and Lee University, 204 W Washington St, Lexington, VA 24450, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1884-5389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe Esparza","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma R.","family":"Lezama Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germ\u00e1n Rivera","family":"Monroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn Vega","family":"Gonzales-Portillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Prolongaci\u00f3n Primavera 2390, Lima 15023, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2966-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesario V.","family":"Borlongan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.01.004","article-title":"Ageing and Parkinson\u2019s disease: Why is advancing age the biggest risk factor?","volume":"14","author":"Reeve","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ageing Res. 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