{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T04:30:25Z","timestamp":1787286625843,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Repeated activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis system, sleep disturbances, and other symptoms related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) elevate reactive oxygen species, increase inflammation, and accelerate cellular aging, leading to neuroprogression and cognitive decline. However, there is no information about possible involvement of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), the product of lipid peroxidation associated with stress-associated diseases, in the complex etiology of PTSD. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the plasma levels of 4-HNE between war veterans with PTSD (n = 62) and age-, sex- and ethnicity- matched healthy control subjects (n = 58) in order to evaluate the potential of HNE-modified proteins as blood-based biomarker of PTSD. The genuine 4-HNE-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (HNE-ELISA), based on monoclonal antibody specific for HNE-histidine (HNE-His) adducts, was used to determine plasma HNE-protein conjugates. Our results revealed significantly elevated levels of 4-HNE in patients with PTSD. Moreover, the accumulation of plasma 4-HNE seems to increase with aging but in a negative correlation with BMI, showing specific pattern of change for individuals diagnosed with PTSD. These findings suggest that oxidative stress and altered lipid metabolism reflected by increase of 4-HNE might be associated with PTSD. If confirmed with further studies, elevated 4-HNE plasma levels might serve as a potential biomarker of PTSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11091365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T12:00:44Z","timestamp":1631707244000},"page":"1365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Association of Lipid Peroxidation Product 4-Hydroxynonenal with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Matea Nikolac","family":"Perkovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijeni\u010dka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4484-039X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidija","family":"Milkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Oxidative Stress (LabOS), Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijeni\u010dka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzana","family":"Uzun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Biological Psychiatry and Psychogeriatrics, University Psychiatric Hospital Vrap\u010de, 10090 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4552-0547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ninoslav","family":"Mimica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Biological Psychiatry and Psychogeriatrics, University Psychiatric Hospital Vrap\u010de, 10090 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nela","family":"Pivac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijeni\u010dka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Waeg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl Franzens University of Graz, Heinrichstra\u00dfe 31\/II, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5032-0369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neven","family":"\u017darkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Oxidative Stress (LabOS), Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijeni\u010dka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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