{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:41:22Z","timestamp":1790710882460,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"St Pauls Eye Appeal","award":["1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1"]}]},{"name":"Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education","award":["Studentship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Studentship"]}]},{"name":"GREAT Scholarships 2018 \u2013 China campaign","award":["PhD studentship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD studentship"]}]},{"name":"MRC Discovery Medicine North (DiMeN) Doctoral Training Partnership","award":["MR\/R015902\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R015902\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011377","name":"International Glaucoma Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["research project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["research project"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of vision loss worldwide, characterised with irreversible optic nerve damage and progressive vision loss. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a subset of glaucoma, characterised by normal anterior chamber angle and raised intraocular pressure (IOP). Reducing IOP is the main modifiable factor in the treatment of POAG, and the trabecular meshwork (TM) is the primary site of aqueous humour outflow (AH) and the resistance to outflow. The structure and the composition of the TM are key to its function in regulating AH outflow. Dysfunction and loss of the TM cells found in the natural ageing process and more so in POAG can cause abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, increased TM stiffness, and increased IOP. Therefore, repair or regeneration of TM\u2019s structure and function is considered as a potential treatment for POAG. Cell transplantation is an attractive option to repopulate the TM cells in POAG, but to develop a cell replacement approach, various challenges are still to be addressed. The choice of cell replacement covers autologous or allogenic approaches, which led to investigations into TM progenitor cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as potential stem cell source candidates. However, the potential plasticity and the lack of definitive cell markers for the progenitor and the TM cell population compound the biological challenge. Morphological and differential gene expression of TM cells located within different regions of the TM may give rise to different cell replacement or regenerative approaches. As such, this review describes the different approaches taken to date investigating different cell sources and their differing cell isolation and differentiation methodologies. In addition, we highlighted how these approaches were evaluated in different animal and ex vivo model systems and the potential of these methods in future POAG treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11091371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T21:38:12Z","timestamp":1631828292000},"page":"1371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Replacement of the Trabecular Meshwork Cells\u2014A Way Ahead in IOP Control?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7116-2846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emine K.","family":"Bilir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia A.","family":"Kingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8478-599X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Oldershaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria R.","family":"Kearns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1246-4166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin E.","family":"Willoughby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"},{"name":"Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl M.","family":"Sheridan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2017.06.007","article-title":"Aging and ocular tissue stiffness in glaucoma","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv. 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