{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:57:29Z","timestamp":1791928649902,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015689","name":"Institut Teknologi Bandung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research Grant 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Grant 2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015689","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proinflammatory biomarkers have been increasingly used in epidemiologic and intervention studies over the past decades to evaluate and identify an association of systemic inflammation with cardiovascular diseases. Although there is a strong correlation between the elevated level of inflammatory biomarkers and the pathology of various cardiovascular diseases, the mechanisms of the underlying cause are unclear. Identification of pro-inflammatory biomarkers such as cytokines, chemokines, acute phase proteins, and other soluble immune factors can help in the early diagnosis of disease. The presence of certain confounding factors such as variations in age, sex, socio-economic status, body mass index, medication and other substance use, and medical illness, as well as inconsistencies in methodological practices such as sample collection, assaying, and data cleaning and transformation, may contribute to variations in results. The purpose of the review is to identify and summarize the effect of demographic factors, epidemiological factors, medication use, and analytical and pre-analytical factors with a panel of inflammatory biomarkers CRP, IL-1b, IL-6, TNFa, and the soluble TNF receptors on the concentration of these inflammatory biomarkers in serum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11101464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T10:36:57Z","timestamp":1633516617000},"page":"1464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Confounders in Identification and Analysis of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2398-3698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qurrat Ul","family":"Ain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehak","family":"Sarfraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Comsats University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayuk Kalih","family":"Prasesti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Triwedya Indra","family":"Dewi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40124, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3313-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neng Fisheri","family":"Kurniati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lopez, E.O., Ballard, B.D., and Jan, A. 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