{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:34:16Z","timestamp":1787027656480,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000406","name":"Motor Neurone Disease Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["838-791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["838-791"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000406","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007155","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/M024075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M024075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/D\/10002071; BB\/P007996\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/D\/10002071; BB\/P007996\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R00661X\/1; EP\/S019367\/1; EP\/P02470X\/1;  EP\/P025285\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R00661X\/1; EP\/S019367\/1; EP\/P02470X\/1;  EP\/P025285\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["208339\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["208339\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Live imaging of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in situ has been constrained by the suitability of ligands for inert vital staining of motor nerve terminals. Here, we constructed several truncated derivatives of the tetanus toxin C-fragment (TetC) fused with Emerald Fluorescent Protein (emGFP). Four constructs, namely full length emGFP-TetC (emGFP-865:TetC) or truncations comprising amino acids 1066\u20131315 (emGFP-1066:TetC), 1093\u20131315 (emGFP-1093:TetC) and 1109\u20131315 (emGFP-1109:TetC), produced selective, high-contrast staining of motor nerve terminals in rodent or human muscle explants. Isometric tension and intracellular recordings of endplate potentials from mouse muscles indicated that neither full-length nor truncated emGFP-TetC constructs significantly impaired NMJ function or transmission. Motor nerve terminals stained with emGFP-TetC constructs were readily visualised in situ or in isolated preparations using fibre-optic confocal endomicroscopy (CEM). emGFP-TetC derivatives and CEM also visualised regenerated NMJs. Dual-waveband CEM imaging of preparations co-stained with fluorescent emGFP-TetC constructs and Alexa647-\u03b1-bungarotoxin resolved innervated from denervated NMJs in axotomized WldS mouse muscle and degenerating NMJs in transgenic SOD1G93A mouse muscle. Our findings highlight the region of the TetC fragment required for selective binding and visualisation of motor nerve terminals and show that fluorescent derivatives of TetC are suitable for in situ morphological and physiological characterisation of healthy, injured and diseased NMJs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11101499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T08:09:32Z","timestamp":1634026172000},"page":"1499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Confocal Endomicroscopy of Neuromuscular Junctions Stained with Physiologically Inert Protein Fragments of Tetanus Toxin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Roesl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosala N.","family":"Dissanayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Boczonadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Neuromuscular Junction Facility, Bio-Imaging Unit, Biosciences Institute, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross A.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme R.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leire","family":"Ledahawsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy C. C.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alanna","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Wishart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David I.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Cord Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Mead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clifford C.","family":"Shone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarke R.","family":"Slater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Neuromuscular Junction Facility, Bio-Imaging Unit, Biosciences Institute, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Gillingwater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Skehel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2670-6995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard R.","family":"Ribchester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and the Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.06.027","article-title":"Lower motor neuron involvement examined by quantitative electromyography in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"122","author":"Krarup","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. 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