{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:19:38Z","timestamp":1790770778896,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R15HL148842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R15HL148842"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is a powerful, high-resolution imaging technique widely used to analyze the structure of fibrin networks. Currently, structural features, such as fiber diameter, length, density, and porosity, are mostly analyzed manually, which is tedious and may introduce user bias. A reliable, automated structural image analysis method would mitigate these drawbacks. We evaluated the performance of DiameterJ (an ImageJ plug-in) for analyzing fibrin fiber diameter by comparing automated DiameterJ outputs with manual diameter measurements in four SEM data sets with different imaging parameters. We also investigated correlations between biophysical fibrin clot properties and diameter, and between clot permeability and DiameterJ-determined clot porosity. Several of the 24 DiameterJ algorithms returned diameter values that highly correlated with and closely matched the values of the manual measurements. However, optimal performance was dependent on the pixel size of the images\u2014best results were obtained for images with a pixel size of 8\u201310 nm (13\u201316 pixels\/fiber). Larger or smaller pixels resulted in an over- or underestimation of diameter values, respectively. The correlation between clot permeability and DiameterJ-determined clot porosity was modest, likely because it is difficult to establish the correct image depth of field in this analysis. In conclusion, several DiameterJ algorithms (M6, M5, T3) perform well for diameter determination from SEM images, given the appropriate imaging conditions (13\u201316 pixels\/fiber). Determining fibrin clot porosity via DiameterJ is challenging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11101536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T23:13:32Z","timestamp":1634598812000},"page":"1536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Automated Fiber Diameter and Porosity Measurements of Plasma Clots in Scanning Electron Microscopy Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Daraei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2849-6370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlien","family":"Pieters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa"},{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3147-4925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA"},{"name":"Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS16 8FX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zelda","family":"de Lange-Loots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa"},{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7493-3626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Siniarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coronary Disease and Heart Failure, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0643-1496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rustem I.","family":"Litvinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline S. B.","family":"Veen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7749-334X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moniek P. M.","family":"de Maat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Weisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A. S.","family":"Ari\u00ebns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS16 8FX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4177-6115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Guthold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-151924","article-title":"Effects of unidirectional flow shear stresses on the formation, fractal microstructure and rigidity of incipient whole blood clots and fibrin gels","volume":"60","author":"Badiei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. 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