{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:01:24Z","timestamp":1792155684314,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Science and Technology Plan of Beijing Tongzhou District","award":["KJ2019CX012-38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2019CX012-38"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Plan of Beijing Tongzhou District","award":["KJ2020CX006-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJ2020CX006-11"]}]},{"name":"Youth Research and Development Fund of Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University","award":["LHYY2020-JC10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHYY2020-JC10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity is a highly prevalent public health concern, attributed to multifactorial causes and limited in treatment options. Several comorbidities are closely associated with obesity such as the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Bariatric surgery, which can be delivered in multiple forms, has been remarked as an effective treatment to decrease the prevalence of obesity and its associated comorbidities. The different types of bariatric surgery create a variety of new pathways for food to metabolize in the body and truncate the stomach\u2019s caliber. As a result, only a small quantity of food is tolerated, and the body mass index noticeably decreases. This review describes the improvements of obesity and its comorbidities following bariatric surgery and their mechanism of improvement. Additionally, endocrine function improvements after bariatric surgery, which contributes to the patients\u2019 health improvement, are described, including the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), fibroblast growth factors 19 and 21 (FGF-19, FGF-21), and pancreatic peptide YY (PYY). Lastly, some of the complications of bariatric surgery, including osteoporosis, iron deficiency\/anemia, and diarrhea, as well as their potential mechanisms, are described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T23:49:52Z","timestamp":1635292192000},"page":"1582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Metabolic Diseases and Underlying Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Clinical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, 4646 John R Street (11R), Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hangil","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"Kaura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7267-2234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory, Beijing Luhe Clinical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longfei","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, 4646 John R Street (11R), Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Clinical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchuan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24376","article-title":"Endpoints and clinical trial design for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"54","author":"Sanyal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2015.10.011","article-title":"Histology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Adults and Children","volume":"20","author":"Kleiner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. 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