{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:16:06Z","timestamp":1792793766315,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, and T and B cells, express the vitamin D receptor and 1\u03b1-hydroxylase. In vitro studies have shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the active form of vitamin D, has an anti-inflammatory effect. Recent epidemiological evidence has indicated a significant association between vitamin D deficiency and an increased incidence, or aggravation, of infectious diseases and inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis. However, the impact of vitamin D on treatment and prevention, particularly in infectious diseases such as the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), remains controversial. Here, we review recent evidence associated with the relationship between vitamin D and inflammatory diseases and describe the underlying immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T22:17:23Z","timestamp":1635891443000},"page":"1624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":369,"title":["The Effects of Vitamin D on Immune System and Inflammatory Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tomoka","family":"Ao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Bioimaging and Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junichi","family":"Kikuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Bioimaging and Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaru","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Bioimaging and Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buleu, F.N., Luca, C.T., Tudor, A., Badalica-Petrescu, M., Caraba, A., Pah, A., Georgescu, D., Christodorescu, R., and Dragan, S. 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