{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:56:26Z","timestamp":1790351786213,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The past few decades have seen an increased emphasis on the involvement of the mitochondrial-associated membrane (MAM) in various neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). In PD, alterations in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and MAM functions affect the secretion and metabolism of proteins, causing an imbalance in calcium homeostasis and oxidative stress. These changes lead to alterations in the translocation of the MAM components, such as IP3R, VDAC, and MFN1 and 2, and consequently disrupt calcium homeostasis and cause misfolded proteins with impaired autophagy, distorted mitochondrial dynamics, and cell death. Various reports indicate the detrimental involvement of the brain renin\u2013angiotensin system (RAS) in oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis in various neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we attempted to update the reports (using various search engines, such as PubMed, SCOPUS, Elsevier, and Springer Nature) demonstrating the pathogenic interactions between the various proteins present in mitochondria, ER, and MAM with respect to Parkinson\u2019s disease. We also made an attempt to speculate the possible involvement of RAS and its components, i.e., AT1 and AT2 receptors, angiotensinogen, in this crosstalk and PD pathology. The review also collates and provides updated information on the role of MAM in calcium signaling, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis in PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T23:02:41Z","timestamp":1636671761000},"page":"1669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Crosstalk in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: The Role of Brain Renin Angiotensin System Components"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tuladhar","family":"Sunanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3553-4996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bipul","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arehally M.","family":"Mahalakshmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4476-1189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abid","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luay","family":"Rashan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Research Centre, Dohfar University, Salalah 2059, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiramon","family":"Rungratanawanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3954-3497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byoung-Joon","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musthafa Mohamed","family":"Essa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman"},{"name":"Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meena Kishore","family":"Sakharkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saravana Babu","family":"Chidambaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldn013","article-title":"A review of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"86","author":"Davie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. 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