{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:23:39Z","timestamp":1790688219118,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32072559, 31860568, 31560563, and 31160398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072559, 31860568, 31560563, and 31160398"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program","award":["(2018YFD1000800)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(2018YFD1000800)"]}]},{"name":"the Research Fund of Higher Education of Gansu, China","award":["(No. 2018C-14 and 2019B-082)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(No. 2018C-14 and 2019B-082)"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province, China","award":["(Nos. 1606RJZA073 and 1606RJZA077)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(Nos. 1606RJZA073 and 1606RJZA077)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brassinosteroids (BRs) are known as the sixth type of plant hormone participating in various physiological and biochemical activities and play an irreplaceable role in plants. Small-molecule compounds (SMCs) such as nitric oxide (NO), ethylene, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are involved in plant growth and development as signaling messengers. Recently, the involvement of SMCs in BR-mediated growth and stress responses is gradually being discovered in plants, including seed germination, adventitious rooting, stem elongation, fruit ripening, and stress responses. The crosstalk between BRs and SMCs promotes plant development and alleviates stress damage by modulating the antioxidant system, photosynthetic capacity, and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as osmotic adjustment. In the present review, we try to explain the function of BRs and SMCs and their crosstalk in the growth, development, and stress resistance of plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11121800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T20:29:27Z","timestamp":1638304167000},"page":"1800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Brassinosteroids in Plants: Crosstalk with Small-Molecule Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Dongliang","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7404-2145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weibiao","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab025","article-title":"Coordination between midasin 1-mediated ribosome biogenesis auxin for modulating plant development","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.113943","article-title":"Roles of nitric oxide in heavy metal stress in plants: Cross-talk with phytohormones protein s-nitrosylation","volume":"259","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.11.006","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide is involved in strigolactone induced low temperature stress tolerance in rape seedlings (brassica rapa L.)","volume":"157","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124250","article-title":"Auxin metabolic network regulates the plant response to metalloids stress","volume":"405","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.01.013","article-title":"Improve wheat (Triticum aestivum) performance by brassinolide application under different irrigation regimes","volume":"130","author":"Dehghana","year":"2020","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110296","article-title":"Exogenous brassinosteroids increase lead stress tolerance in seed germination seedling growth of Brassica juncea L.","volume":"193","author":"Soares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.0c00424","article-title":"Barley \u201cuzu\u201d wheat \u201cuzu-like\u201d brassinosteroid receptor BRI1 kinase domain variations modify phosphorylation activity in Vitro","volume":"59","author":"Demissie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.19.00335","article-title":"Brassinosteroids: Multidimensional regulators of plant growth, development, stress responses","volume":"32","author":"Nolan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, M.N., Zhang, L., Yang, L., Islam, M.R., Liu, Y., Luo, H., Yang, P., Wang, Q., and Chan, Z. (2018). Transcriptomic profiling of tall fescue in response to heat stress improved thermotolerance by melatonin 24-epibrassinolide. BMC Genomi., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-4588-y"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00812-7","article-title":"BAK1, an Arabidopsis IRR receptor-like protein kinase, interacts with BRI1 modulates brassionosteroid signaling","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10178","article-title":"Structural insight into brassinosteroid perception by BRI1","volume":"474","author":"She","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1994.1191","article-title":"Inheritance systems the evolution of new levels of individuality","volume":"170","author":"Jablonka","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, L.J., Yu, J., Liao, W.B., Xie, J.M., Yu, J.H., Lv, J., and Wu, Y. (2019). Proteomic investigation of S-nitrosylated proteins during NO-induced adventitious rooting of cucumber. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215363"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-021-10312-7","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide improves the vase life quality of cut roses chrysanthemums","volume":"40","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Suo, X., Liu, Y., Liu, C., and Luo, M. (2021). Sphingosine promotes embryo biomass in upland cotton: A biochemical transcriptomic analysis. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11040525"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2019.12.021","article-title":"Recent progress in the knowledge on the alleviating effect of nitric oxide on heavy metal stress in plants","volume":"147","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2016.12.006","article-title":"Nitric oxide is involved in ethylene-induced adventitious root development in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) explants","volume":"215","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10725-020-00672-7","article-title":"Roles of brassinosteroids in plant growth abiotic stress response","volume":"93","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiroutov\u00e1, P., Mikul\u00edk, J., Nov\u00e1k, O., Strnad, M., and Oklestkova, J. (2019). Brassinosteroids induce strong, dose-dependent inhibition of etiolated pea seedling growth correlated with ethylene production. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9120849"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03463-x","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide positively regulates brassinosteroid signaling through oxidation of the brassinazole-resistant1 transcription factor","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1071\/FP20205","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide induced by hydrogen peroxide mediates brassinosteroid-induced stomatal closure of Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"48","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peres, A.L., Soares, J.S., Tavares, R.G., Righetto, G., Zullo, M.A., Mandava, N.B., and Menossi, M. (2019). Brassinosteroids, the sixth class of phytohormones: A molecular view from the discovery to hormonal interactions in plant development stress adaptation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020331"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Y.Z., Wang, C.L., Wang, N., Wei, L.J., Li, W.F., Yao, Y.D., and Liao, W.B. (2019). Roles of small-molecule compounds in plant adventitious root development. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9090420"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/281216a0","article-title":"Brassinolide, a plant growth-promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napus pollen","volume":"281","author":"Grove","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Lei, W., He, R., Tang, X., and Zhang, D. (2020). Brassinosteroids regulate root meristem development by mediating BIN2-UPB1 module in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008883"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.01034","article-title":"Comprehensive overview of the brassinosteroid biosynthesis pathways: Substrates, products, inhibitors, connections","volume":"11","author":"Bajguz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7909.2012.01168.x","article-title":"Regulation of brassinosteroid biosynthesis inactivation","volume":"54","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2008.06.011","article-title":"Sequential transphosphorylation of the BRI1\/BAK1 receptor kinase complex impacts early events in brassinosteroid signaling","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.108833","article-title":"24-Epibrassinolide delays senescence in harvested kiwifruit through effects on mitochondrial membrane antioxidant activity","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lwt Food. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15437","article-title":"BES1 hinders Abscisic Acid Insensitive5 promotes seed germination in Arabidopsis","volume":"221","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b06117","article-title":"Role of brassinosteroids in Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) Fruit Ripening","volume":"66","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41438-020-00383-0","article-title":"Regulation of fruit ripening by the brassinosteroid biosynthetic gene SlCYP90B3 via an ethylene-dependent pathway in tomato","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hortic. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2017.08.039","article-title":"Effect of 2,4-epibrassinolide treatment on the postharvest quality physiological metabolism of fresh daylily flower buds during storage","volume":"226","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.04.028","article-title":"Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on sugar metabolism delaying postharvest senescence of kiwifruit during ambient storage","volume":"253","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-020-10169-2","article-title":"24-epibrassinolide alleviates the injurious effects of Cr (VI) toxicity in tomato plants: Insights into growth, physio-biochemical attributes, antioxidant activity regulation of ascorbate\u2013glutathione glyoxalase cycles","volume":"39","author":"Jan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-020-10097-1","article-title":"Brassinosteroids regulate functional components of antioxidative defense system in salt stressed maize seedlings","volume":"39","author":"Rattan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.19.00088","article-title":"Brassinosteroids act as a positive regulator of photoprotection in response to chilling stress","volume":"180","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2019.103831","article-title":"Brassinosteroids enhance cold tolerance in Elymus nutans via mediating redox homeostasis proline biosynthesis","volume":"167","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-020-00765-7","article-title":"Brassinosteroid seed priming with nitrogen supplementation improves salt tolerance in soybean","volume":"26","author":"Soliman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111081","article-title":"Brassinosteroid hydrogen peroxide improve photosynthetic machinery, stomatal movement, root morphology cell viability reduce Cu-triggered oxidative burst in tomato","volume":"207","author":"Nazir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-020-00708-z","article-title":"24-epibrassinolide alleviates the toxic effects of nacl on photosynthetic processes in potato plants","volume":"146","author":"Kolomeichuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"2","article-title":"Unraveling the roles of brassinosteroids in alleviating drought stress in young Eucalyptus urophylla plants: Implications on redox homeostasis photosynthetic apparatus","volume":"172","author":"Junior","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, P., Wang, Y., Li, J., and Bian, Z. (2019). Effects of brassinosteroids on photosynthetic performance nitrogen metabolism in pepper seedlings under chilling stress. Agronomy, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy9120839"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729-019-00147-3","article-title":"Mitigation of arsenic toxicity in wheat by the exogenously applied salicylic acid, 24-epi-brassinolide silicon","volume":"20","author":"Maghsoudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Soil Sci. Plant Nut."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10725-020-00676-3","article-title":"BIP130 enhances salt tolerance through modulation of aba synthesis scavenging ros in rice (Oryza sativa L.)","volume":"93","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2019.02.014","article-title":"Enhanced brassinosteroid signaling intensity via SLBRI1 overexpression negatively regulates drought resistance in a manner opposite of that via exogenous br application in tomato","volume":"138","author":"Nie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5659","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers219","article-title":"Interaction of brassinosteroids polyamines enhances copper stress tolerance in Raphanus sativus","volume":"63","author":"Choudhary","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.11.033","article-title":"Comparative transcriptome profiling reveals that brassinosteroid-mediated lignification plays an important role in garlic adaption to salt stress","volume":"158","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04938-0","article-title":"Silicon-mediated role of 24-epibrassinolide in wheat under high-temperature stress","volume":"26","author":"Hussain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01016","article-title":"Brassinosteroids attenuate moderate high temperature-caused decline in tea quality by enhancing theanine biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis L.","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.12677","article-title":"Nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in brassinosteroid-mediated virus resistance to cucumber mosaic virus in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"163","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-8738-6","article-title":"Role of brassinosteroids in alleviating toxin-induced stress of Verticillium dahliae on cotton callus growth","volume":"24","author":"Bibi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.07.022","article-title":"Cross-talk between nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide calcium in salt-stressed Chenopodium quinoa Willd. At seed germination stage","volume":"154","author":"Hajihashemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.12.006","article-title":"The involvement of NO in ABA-delayed the senescence of cut roses by maintaining water content antioxidant enzymes activity","volume":"247","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2012.06.012","article-title":"Nitric oxide hydrogen peroxide alleviate drought stress in marigold explants promote its adventitious root development","volume":"58","author":"Liao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13243","article-title":"The SlWRKY81 transcription factor inhibits stomatal closure by attenuating nitric oxide accumulation in the guard cells of tomato under drought","volume":"172","author":"Ahammed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7947-8","article-title":"Nitric oxide signaling its crosstalk with other plant growth regulators in plant responses to abiotic stress","volume":"24","author":"Asgher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2019.05.004","article-title":"Nitric oxide donor improves adventitious rooting in mung bean hypocotyl cuttings exposed to cadmium osmotic stresses","volume":"164","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729-020-00198-x","article-title":"Nitric oxide stimulates antioxidant system osmotic adjustment in soybean under drought stress","volume":"20","author":"Rezayian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Soil Sci. Plant Nut."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-012-0988-2","article-title":"Nitric oxide is involved in the regulation of trehalose accumulation under heat stress in Pleurotus eryngii var. tuoliensis","volume":"34","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpj.2020.12.007","article-title":"Effects of 1-mcp on proline, polyamine, nitric oxide metabolism in postharvest peach fruit under chilling stress","volume":"7","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hortic. Plant J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elkelish, A., Ibrahim, M., Ashour, H., Bondok, A., and El-Gawad, H. (2021). Exogenous application of nitric oxide mitigates water stress reduces natural viral disease incidence of tomato plants subjected to deficit irrigation. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11010087"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2012.07.005","article-title":"Interactive role of nitric oxide calcium chloride in enhancing tolerance to salt stress","volume":"27","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s42976-020-00090-5","article-title":"State of enzymatic antioxidative system heat resistance of wheat plantlets treated by combination of 24-epibrassinolide no donor","volume":"49","author":"Karpets","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereal Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.12392","article-title":"Nitric oxide is involved in brassinosteroid-induced alternative respiratory pathway in Nicotiana benthamiana seedlings\u2019 response to salt stress","volume":"156","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1609.09042","article-title":"Alleviation of salt stress in pepper (Capsicum annum L.) plants by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria","volume":"27","author":"Hahm","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Microb. Biot."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y.T., Wu, Y., Liao, W.B., Hu, L.L., and Yu, J.H. (2020). Nitric oxide is involved in the brassinolide-induced adventitious root development in cucumber. BMC Plant Biol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-020-2320-y"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24712","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.24712","article-title":"Pharmacological genetical evidence supporting nitric oxide requirement for 2,4-epibrassinolide regulation of root architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"8","author":"Tossi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Signal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.12815","article-title":"Ethylene mediates brassinosteroid-induced stomatal closure via G\u03b1 protein-activated hydrogen peroxide nitric oxide production in Arabidopsis","volume":"82","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2017.04.005","article-title":"Nitric oxide mediates brassinosteroid-induced flavonoid biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis L.","volume":"214","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.12087","article-title":"Nitric oxide brassinosteroids mediated fungal endophyte-induced volatile oil production through protein phosphorylation pathways in Atractylodes lancea Plantlets","volume":"55","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.04.002","article-title":"Nitrate reductase rather than nitric oxide synthase activity is involved in 24-epibrassinolide-induced nitric oxide synthesis to improve tolerance to iron deficiency in strawberry (Fragaria \u00d7 annassa) by up-regulating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle","volume":"151","author":"Kaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110483","article-title":"The role of nitrate reductase in brassinosteroid-induced endogenous nitric oxide generation to improve cadmium stress tolerance of pepper plants by upregulating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle","volume":"196","author":"Kaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.00982","article-title":"Ethylene is involved in brassinosteroids induced alternative respiratory pathway in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings response to abiotic stress","volume":"6","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.13074","article-title":"Brassinosteroids is involved in ethylene-induced Pst DC3000 resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana","volume":"22","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.03.029","article-title":"Proteomic physiological assessment of stress sensitive tolerant variety of tomato treated with brassinosteroids hydrogen peroxide under low-temperature stress","volume":"289","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13120","article-title":"Orchestration of hydrogen peroxide nitric oxide in brassinosteroid-mediated systemic virus resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana","volume":"85","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1850625","article-title":"BES1 negatively regulates the expression of ACC oxidase 2 to control the endogenous level of ethylene in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Signal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1200130","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide functions as a secondary messenger for brassinosteroids-induced CO2 assimilation carbohydrate metabolism in Cucumis sativus","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2018.10.018","article-title":"Modulation of sphingolipid long-chain base composition gene expression during early olive-fruit development, putative role of brassinosteroid","volume":"231","author":"Corbacho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00281630","article-title":"Identification characterization of a chlorate-resistant mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana with mutations in both nitrate reductase structural genes NIA1 NIA2","volume":"239","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Genet."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6219","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erv328","article-title":"The alternative respiratory pathway is involved in brassinosteroid-induced environmental stress tolerance in Nicotiana benthamiana","volume":"66","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.3390\/su13020899","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide supplementation in irrigation water alleviates drought stress boosts growth productivity of potato plants","volume":"13","author":"Salama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, X.F., Xue, Y., Ling, T., Wang, Y., and Chen, J. (2017). Cinnamaldehyde ameliorates cadmium-inhibited root elongation in tobacco seedlings via decreasing endogenous hydrogen sulfide production. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22010015"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110978","article-title":"Dose dependent differential effects of toxic metal cadmium in tomato roots: Role of endogenous hydrogen sulfide","volume":"203","author":"Alamri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-019-03334-9","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide acts downstream of jasmonic acid to inhibit stomatal development in Arabidopsis","volume":"251","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-020-01531-y","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide is required for salicylic acid\u2013induced chilling tolerance of cucumber seedlings","volume":"5","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.06.028","article-title":"Sphingolipid long chain base phosphates can regulate apoptotic-like programmed cell death in plants","volume":"410","author":"Alden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2013.10.006","article-title":"The yeast sphingolipid signaling landscape","volume":"177","author":"Montefusco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/11\/12\/1800\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:38:14Z","timestamp":1760168294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/11\/12\/1800"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["biom11121800"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom11121800","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]}}}