{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T14:17:06Z","timestamp":1781187426756,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":268,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPUS6 2013\/11\/B\/NZ4\/04565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPUS6 2013\/11\/B\/NZ4\/04565"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008725","name":"Maj Institute of Pharmacology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["statutory funds of the Dept. Neuropsychopharmacology"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["statutory funds of the Dept. Neuropsychopharmacology"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common neurological disorders that often affects people in the prime of their lives, leading to a significant reduction in their quality of life, gradually making them unable to independently perform the simplest activities. Here we show that current ET pharmacotherapy often does not sufficiently alleviate disease symptoms and is completely ineffective in more than 30% of patients. At present, deep brain stimulation of the motor thalamus is the most effective ET treatment. However, like any brain surgery, it can cause many undesirable side effects; thus, it is only performed in patients with an advanced disease who are not responsive to drugs. Therefore, it seems extremely important to look for new strategies for treating ET. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the pathomechanism of ET based on studies in animal models of the disease, as well as to present and discuss the results of research available to date on various substances affecting dopamine (mainly D3) or adenosine A1 receptors, which, due to their ability to modulate harmaline-induced tremor, may provide the basis for the development of new potential therapies for ET in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11121813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T21:19:08Z","timestamp":1638479948000},"page":"1813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Essential Tremor: The Role of Adenosine and Dopamine Receptors in Animal Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4581-6196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Kosmowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0208-1946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jadwiga","family":"Wardas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27121","article-title":"Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors, from the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society","volume":"33","author":"Bhatia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahn, S., Jankovic, J., and Hallett, M. (2011). Tremors. Principles and Practice of Movement Disorders, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-2369-4.00018-4"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"433","article-title":"Differentiation and Diagnosis of Jaundice","volume":"10","author":"Hass","year":"1999","journal-title":"AACN Adv. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470080085035","article-title":"Classification and treatment of tremor","volume":"266","author":"Hallett","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199603000-00002","article-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology of Tremor","volume":"13","author":"Deuschl","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000325564.38165.d1","article-title":"Historical underpinnings of the term essential tremor in the late 19th century","volume":"71","author":"Louis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-013-0353-4","article-title":"What is Essential Tremor?","volume":"13","author":"Elble","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"276","article-title":"The Role of \u03b2-Carboline Alkaloids in the Pathogenesis of Essential Tremor","volume":"15","author":"Aro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.08.034","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms in essential tremor: A review of the current data and state of the field","volume":"22","author":"Louis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinoff, G., and Badarny, S. (2014). Mild Cognitive Impairment, Dementia, and Affective Disorders in Essential Tremor: A Prospective Study. Tremor Other Hyperkinet. Mov., 4.","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.179"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2011.01573.x","article-title":"Non-motor features in essential tremor","volume":"125","author":"Chandran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01923.x","article-title":"Self-reported depression and anti-depressant medication use in essential tremor: Cross-sectional and prospective analyses in a population-based study","volume":"14","author":"Louis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.632","article-title":"How Common is Essential Tremor? Update on the Worldwide Prevalence of Essential Tremor","volume":"11","author":"Louis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet. Mov."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellows, S.T., and Jankovic, J. (2021). Phenotypic Features of Isolated Essential Tremor, Essential Tremor Plus, and Essential Tremor-Parkinson\u2019s Disease in a Movement Disorders Clinic. Tremor Other Hyperkinet. Mov., 11.","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.581"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21102","article-title":"Study of possible factors associated with age of onset in essential tremor","volume":"21","author":"Louis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.002","article-title":"Knowledge gaps and research recommendations for essential tremor","volume":"33","author":"Hopfner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Jim\u00e9nez, F., Alonso-Navarro, H., Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00edn, E., \u00c1lvarez, I., Pastor, P., and Ag\u00fandez, J. (2021). Genomic Markers for Essential Tremor. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14060516"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000103236.26934.41","article-title":"High concordance for essential tremor in monozygotic twins of old age","volume":"62","author":"Lorenz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.8.1389","article-title":"Essential tremor in twins: An assessment of genetic vs. environmental determinants of etiology","volume":"57","author":"Tanner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/72.2.113","article-title":"OBSERVATIONS ON ESSENTIAL (HEREDOFAMILIAL) TREMOR","volume":"72","author":"Critchley","year":"1949","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0997-84","article-title":"Mapping of a familial essential tremor gene, FET1, to chromosome 3q13","volume":"17","author":"Gulcher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120605","article-title":"A gene (ETM) for essential tremor maps to chromosome2p22-p25","volume":"12","author":"Higgins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl120","article-title":"Genomewide scans in North American families reveal genetic linkage of essential tremor to a region on chromosome 6p23","volume":"129","author":"Shatunov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26582","article-title":"Linkage of familial essential tremor to chromosome 5q35","volume":"31","author":"Hicks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10753","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508189103","article-title":"A functional variant of the dopamine D3 receptor is associated with risk and age-at-onset of essential tremor","volume":"103","author":"Jeanneteau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000211","article-title":"Genetics of essential tremor: Meta-analysis and review","volume":"82","author":"Hopfner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1183","article-title":"Etiology of essential tremor: Should we be searching for environmental causes?","volume":"16","author":"Louis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2012.09.004","article-title":"Blood harmane (1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) concentration in essential tremor cases in Spain","volume":"34","author":"Louis","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroToxicology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000266663.27398.9f","article-title":"Blood harmane is correlated with cerebellar metabolism in essential tremor: A pilot study","volume":"69","author":"Louis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2013.07.002","article-title":"Elevated brain harmane (1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) in essential tremor cases vs. controls","volume":"38","author":"Louis","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroToxicology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-013-0378-8","article-title":"The Pathophysiology of Essential Tremor and Parkinson\u2019s Tremor","volume":"13","author":"Helmich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-011-0350-6","article-title":"Diversity of Neuronal Elements and Circuitry in the Cerebellar Nuclei","volume":"11","author":"Uusisaari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.07.060","article-title":"GABAergic synaptic communication in the GABAergic and non-GABAergic cells in the deep cerebellar nuclei","volume":"156","author":"Uusisaari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.05.003","article-title":"Neuroimaging essentials in essential tremor: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Sharifi","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70090-9","article-title":"Essential tremor: Evolving clinicopathological concepts in an era of intensive post-mortem enquiry","volume":"9","author":"Louis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2006.05.033","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between essential tremor and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Jankovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu314","article-title":"Reduced Purkinje cell dendritic arborization and loss of dendritic spines in essential tremor","volume":"137","author":"Louis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-011-0291-0","article-title":"Torpedoes in the Cerebellar Vermis in Essential Tremor Cases vs. Controls","volume":"10","author":"Louis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22567","article-title":"Torpedoes in Parkinson\u2019s disease, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, essential tremor, and control brains","volume":"24","author":"Louis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm266","article-title":"Neuropathological changes in essential tremor: 33 cases compared with 21 controls","volume":"130","author":"Louis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.213330","article-title":"Increased number of heterotopic Purkinje cells in essential tremor","volume":"82","author":"Kuo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-017-0876-3","article-title":"Heterotopic Purkinje Cells: A Comparative Postmortem Study of Essential Tremor and Spinocerebellar Ataxias 1, 2, 3, and 6","volume":"17","author":"Louis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2007.8","article-title":"Reduced Purkinje Cell Number in Essential Tremor","volume":"65","author":"Axelrad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26490","article-title":"Purkinje cell loss in essential tremor: Random sampling quantification and nearest neighbor analysis","volume":"31","author":"Choe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt.12.23","article-title":"Essential tremor is not a neurodegenerative disease","volume":"2","author":"Rajput","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25845","article-title":"Essential tremor is not associated with cerebellar Purkinje cell loss","volume":"29","author":"Bs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu281","article-title":"Abnormal climbing fibre-Purkinje cell synaptic connections in the essential tremor cerebellum","volume":"137","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1626-1","article-title":"Climbing fiber-Purkinje cell synaptic pathology in tremor and cerebellar degenerative diseases","volume":"133","author":"Kuo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1108-7","article-title":"Lingo-1 expression is increased in essential tremor cerebellum and is present in the basket cell pinceau","volume":"125","author":"Kuo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181d1ad04","article-title":"\u201cHairy Baskets\u201d Associated With Degenerative Purkinje Cell Changes in Essential Tremor","volume":"69","author":"Faust","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000218162.80315.b9","article-title":"Neuropathologic findings in essential tremor","volume":"66","author":"Louis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000310425.76205.02","article-title":"Pathologic findings in prospectively ascertained essential tremor subjects","volume":"70","author":"Shill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0302-1","article-title":"Essential tremor pathology: Neurodegeneration and reorganization of neuronal connections","volume":"16","author":"Louis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holtbernd, F., and Shah, N.J. (2021). Imaging the Pathophysiology of Essential Tremor\u2014A Systematic Review. Front. Neurol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.680254"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01273153","article-title":"Change in the concentrations of amino acids in CSF and serum of patients with essential tremor","volume":"103","author":"Baranyi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.11.345","article-title":"Increased glutamate + glutamine levels in the thalamus of patients with essential tremor: A preliminary proton MR spectroscopic study","volume":"47","author":"Barbagallo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2017.05.019","article-title":"Electrical synapses in mammalian CNS: Past eras, present focus and future directions","volume":"1860","author":"Nagy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1023\/B:NEUR.0000029648.81071.20","article-title":"Harmaline-induced climbing fiber activation causes amino acid and peptide release in the rodent cerebellar cortex and a unique temporal pattern of Fos expression in the olivo-cerebellar pathway","volume":"33","author":"Beitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(93)90047-3","article-title":"Glucose metabolism in the brain of patients with essential tremor","volume":"114","author":"Hallett","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390515","article-title":"The effect of ethanol on alcohol-responsive essential tremor: A positron emission tomography study","volume":"39","author":"Boecker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, W., Lv, F., Luo, T., Cheng, O., Liao, W., Sheng, K., Wang, X., Wu, F., Hu, Y., and Luo, J. (2013). Abnormal Regional Homogeneity in Patients with Essential Tremor Revealed by Resting-State Functional MRI. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069199"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22633","article-title":"Synchronized brain network associated with essential tremor as revealed by magnetoencephalography","volume":"24","author":"Schnitzler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410410108","article-title":"Activation mapping in essential tremor with functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"41","author":"Bucher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200001)15:1<84::AID-MDS1014>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Multiple oscillators are causing Parkinson and essential tremor","volume":"15","author":"Raethjen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00477.2006","article-title":"Cortical Involvement in the Generation of Essential Tremor","volume":"97","author":"Raethjen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv225","article-title":"Motor network disruption in essential tremor: A functional and effective connectivity study","volume":"138","author":"Buijink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23328","article-title":"Disappearance of essential tremor after stroke","volume":"25","author":"Dupuis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808329528","article-title":"Essential Tremor after Ipsilateral Cerebellar Hemispherectomy: Support for the Thalamus as the Central Oscillator","volume":"24","author":"Chahine","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gironell, A. (2014). The GABA Hypothesis in Essential Tremor: Lights and Shadows. Tremor Other Hyperkinet. Mov., 4.","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.229"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199908)46:2<249::AID-ANA15>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Tremor arrest with thalamic microinjections of muscimol in patients with essential tremor","volume":"46","author":"Pahapill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"105","article-title":"Defective dentate nucleus GABA receptors in essential tremor","volume":"135","author":"Brochu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24004","article-title":"Brain biochemistry in autopsied patients with essential tremor","volume":"27","author":"Shill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.074120","article-title":"GABAergic Dysfunction in Essential Tremor: An 11C-Flumazenil PET Study","volume":"51","author":"Boecker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.04.024","article-title":"Gaba and serotonin molecular neuroimaging in essential tremor: A clinical correlation study","volume":"18","author":"Gironell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.664735","article-title":"GABA, Glutamate, and NAA Levels in the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei of Essential Tremor Patients","volume":"12","author":"Buijink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-017-0891-4","article-title":"In Vivo Dentate Nucleus Gamma-aminobutyric Acid Concentration in Essential Tremor vs. Controls","volume":"17","author":"Louis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40673-020-00116-y","article-title":"A pilot study of essential tremor: Cerebellar GABA+\/Glx ratio is correlated with tremor severity","volume":"7","author":"Tapper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebellum Ataxias"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2016.07.010","article-title":"Current concepts of essential tremor","volume":"172","author":"Becktepe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4137\/JCNSD.S6561","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of Essential Tremor","volume":"5","author":"Hedera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cent. Nerv. Syst. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1985.tb05079.x","article-title":"The tremorolytic action of beta-adrenoceptor blockers in essential, physiological and isoprenaline-induced tremor is mediated by beta- adrenoceptors located in a deep peripheral compartment","volume":"20","author":"Abila","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2015.16.5.967","article-title":"Differences in Regional Glucose Metabolism of the Brain Measured with F-18-FDG-PET in Patients with Essential Tremor According to Their Response to Beta-Blockers","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afj072","article-title":"Essential tremor\u2014the most common movement disorder in older people","volume":"35","author":"Thanvi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2020.01.002","article-title":"Current and Emerging Treatments of Essential Tremor","volume":"38","author":"Ondo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200124145743","article-title":"Current and Future Neuropharmacological Options for the Treatment of Essential Tremor","volume":"18","author":"Agundez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000200779.03748.0f","article-title":"Topiramate in essential tremor: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"Ondo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023420","article-title":"Pharmacology of Small- and Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels","volume":"60","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittal, S.O., Jog, M., Lee, J., and Jabbari, B. (2020). Novel Botulinum Toxin Injection Protocols for Parkinson Tremor and Essential Tremor\u2014the Yale Technique and Sensor-Based Kinematics Procedure for Safe and Effective Treatment. Tremor Other Hyperkinet. Mov., 10.","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.582"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2018.1445526","article-title":"Surgical treatments for essential tremor","volume":"18","author":"Elble","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000086371.78447.D2","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the VIM thalamic nucleus modifies several features of essential tremor","volume":"61","author":"Vaillancourt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"567","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of thalamic deep brain stimulation in essential tremor: 10 years and beyond","volume":"85","author":"Kagnoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"486","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Transcranial Brain Stimulation in Improving Clinical Signs of Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders","volume":"9","author":"Eobeso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.04.009","article-title":"Cerebellar rTMS stimulation may induce prolonged clinical benefits in essential tremor, and subjacent changes in functional connectivity: An open label trial","volume":"6","author":"Popa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2016.07.014","article-title":"Essential tremor: Update of therapeutic strategies (medical treatment and gamma knife thalamotomy)","volume":"172","author":"Witjas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-013-0239-4","article-title":"Update on Treatment of Essential Tremor","volume":"15","author":"Zesiewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Neurol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27637","article-title":"Four-year follow-up results of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor","volume":"34","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1159\/000478866","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery for Essential Tremor","volume":"95","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ster. Funct. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20331","article-title":"Harmaline-induced tremor as a potential preclinical screening method for essential tremor medications","volume":"20","author":"Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Handforth, A. (2012). Harmaline Tremor: Underlying Mechanisms in a Potential Animal Model of Essential Tremor. Tremor Other Hyperkinet. Mov., 2.","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.108"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Kim, I., Lee, J., Knight, E., Cheng, L., Kang, S.I., Jang, N.P., and Chang, S.-Y. (2018). Development of Harmaline-induced Tremor in a Swine Model. Tremor Other Hyperkinet. Mov., 8.","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.406"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199907)14:4<557::AID-MDS1004>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Animal models of tremor","volume":"14","author":"Wilms","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/14734220601016080","article-title":"Rodent models of tremor","volume":"6","author":"Miwa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)00163-4","article-title":"Investigation of hallucinogenic and related \u03b2-carbolines","volume":"50","author":"Grella","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00657.x","article-title":"Serotonin Modulation of Inferior Olivary Oscillations and Synchronicity: A Multiple-electrode Study in the Rat Cerebellum","volume":"7","author":"Sugihara","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(80)90020-5","article-title":"Harmaline-induced tremor: The benzodiazepine receptor as a site of action","volume":"67","author":"Robertson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(82)90304-5","article-title":"Blockade of 3-carbomethoxy-\u03b2-carboline induced seizures by diazepam and the benzodiazepine antagonists, Ro 15-1788 and CGS 8216","volume":"17","author":"Schweri","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00606-9","article-title":"Harmaline competitively inhibits [3H]MK-801 binding to the NMDA receptor in rabbit brain","volume":"770","author":"Du","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10731","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002995107","article-title":"CaV3.1 is a tremor rhythm pacemaker in the inferior olive","volume":"107","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100882","article-title":"Concurrent quantification of tremor and depression of locomotor activity induced in rats by harmaline and physostigmine","volume":"158","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.11.036","article-title":"A species-specific difference in the effects of harmaline on the rodent olivocerebellar system","volume":"1068","author":"Miwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1139\/y75-116","article-title":"Effects Produced by Local Applications of Harmaline in the Inferior Olive","volume":"53","author":"Lamarre","year":"1975","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870131306","article-title":"Animal models of action tremor","volume":"13","author":"Elble","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(71)90174-0","article-title":"Harmaline-induced rhythmic activity of cerebellar and lower brain stem neurons","volume":"32","author":"Lamarre","year":"1971","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.08.059","article-title":"A partial lesion of the substantia nigra pars compacta and retrorubral field decreases the harmaline-induced glutamate release in the rat cerebellum","volume":"1537","author":"Ossowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(98)01310-1","article-title":"Microcircuitry and function of the inferior olive","volume":"21","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901970205","article-title":"Cerebellothalamic projections in the rat: An autoradiographic and degeneration study","volume":"197","author":"Haroian","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00235271","article-title":"High affinity glutamate uptake in the red nucleus and ventrolateral thalamus after lesion of the cerebellum in the adult cat: Biochemical evidence for functional changes in the deafferented structures","volume":"55","author":"Nieoullon","year":"1984","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02150.x","article-title":"A possible mechanism for the beneficial effect of ethanol in essential tremor","volume":"15","author":"Manto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.12.045","article-title":"Inhibition of Excessive Glutamatergic Transmission in the Ventral Thalamic Nuclei by a Selective Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonist, 5\u2032-Chloro-5\u2032-Deoxy-(\u00b1)-ENBA Underlies its Tremorolytic Effect in the Harmaline-Induced Model of Essential Tremor","volume":"429","author":"Kosmowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00346","article-title":"Analogous \u03b2-Carboline Alkaloids Harmaline and Harmine Ameliorate Scopolamine-Induced Cognition Dysfunction by Attenuating Acetylcholinesterase Activity, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Mice","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(82)90126-5","article-title":"Antagonists of excitatory amino acids and cyclic guanosine monophosphate in cerebellum","volume":"21","author":"Wood","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(95)00795-4","article-title":"Effects of 7-nitroindazole, NG-nitro-l-arginine, and D-CPPene on harmaline-induced postural tremor, N-methyl-d-aspartate-induced seizures, and lisuride-induced rotations in rats with nigral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions","volume":"299","author":"Eblen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)01148-1","article-title":"Harmaline-induced tremor and impairment of learning are both blocked by dizocilpine in the rabbit","volume":"745","author":"Du","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.05.031","article-title":"Pharmacological characterization of harmaline-induced tremor activity in mice","volume":"616","author":"Paterson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.05.015","article-title":"The effect of memantine in harmaline-induced tremor and neurodegeneration","volume":"61","author":"Iseri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0896(01)00431-X","article-title":"9-Carboxymethyl-5 H,10H-imidazo[1,2-a]indeno[1,2-e]pyrazin-4-one-2-carbocylic Acid (RPR117824): Selective Anticonvulsive and Neuroprotective AMPA Antagonist","volume":"10","author":"Mignani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)91016-7","article-title":"Harmaline-induced tremor in the rat: Abolition by 3-acetylpyridine destruction of cerebellar climbing fibers","volume":"114","author":"Simantov","year":"1976","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"157","article-title":"Stimulus-dependent activation of c-Fos in neurons and glia in the rat cerebellum","volume":"23","author":"Bishop","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200008030-00010","article-title":"Differential expression of c-fos following administration of two tremorgenic agents: Harmaline and oxotremorine","volume":"11","author":"Miwa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12692","article-title":"Tremorolytic effect of 5\u2032-chloro-5\u2032-deoxy-(\u00b1)-ENBA, a potent and selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist, evaluated in the harmaline-induced model in rats","volume":"23","author":"Kosmowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp017288","article-title":"Electrophysiology of guinea-pig cerebellar nuclear cells in the in vitro brain stem-cerebellar preparation","volume":"404","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(70)90189-5","article-title":"Effect of harmaline in monkeys with central nervous system lesions","volume":"28","author":"Battista","year":"1970","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1693","article-title":"Adenosine is crucial for deep brain stimulation\u2013mediated attenuation of tremor","volume":"14","author":"Bekar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00448","article-title":"Altered Primary Motor Cortex Neuronal Activity in a Rat Model of Harmaline-Induced Tremor During Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(73)90118-2","article-title":"Harmaline-induced rhythmic activity of alpha and gamma motoneurons in the cat","volume":"63","author":"Lamarre","year":"1973","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200523625","article-title":"Genetic essential tremor in gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor alpha1 subunit knockout mice","volume":"115","author":"Kralic","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.036665","article-title":"Molecular and Pharmacological Characterization of GABAAReceptor \u03b11 Subunit Knockout Mice","volume":"302","author":"Kralic","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, M.-K., Li, Y.-S., Wong, S.-B., Ni, C.-L., Wang, Y.-M., Liu, W.-C., Lu, L.-Y., Lee, J.-C., Cortes, E.P., and Vonsattel, J.-P.G. (2020). Cerebellar oscillations driven by synaptic pruning deficits of cerebellar climbing fibers contribute to tremor pathophysiology. Sci. Transl. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay1769"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15196","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0934-10.2010","article-title":"Ablation of Glutamate Receptor GluR 2 in Adult Purkinje Cells Causes Multiple Innervation of Climbing Fibers by Inducing Aberrant Invasion to Parallel Fiber Innervation Territory","volume":"30","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-020-01197-5","article-title":"Increased Purkinje Cell Complex Spike and Deep Cerebellar Nucleus Synchrony as a Potential Basis for Syndromic Essential Tremor. A Review and Synthesis of the Literature","volume":"20","author":"Handforth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-03010-5","article-title":"Pramipexole Reduces zif-268 mRNA Expression in Brain Structures involved in the Generation of Harmaline-Induced Tremor","volume":"45","author":"Kosmowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12906","article-title":"Dopamine receptors-IUPHAR Review 13","volume":"172","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"1","article-title":"Le Dopamine Receptors","volume":"6","author":"Foil","year":"2010","journal-title":"BIOTREND Rev."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90398-D","article-title":"Dopaminergic innervation and binding in the rat cerebellum","volume":"130","author":"Panagopoulos","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90192-X","article-title":"The projections of the A8, A9 and A10 dopaminergic cell bodies: Evidence for a nigral-hypothalamic-median eminence dopaminergic pathway","volume":"108","author":"Kizer","year":"1976","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90310-X","article-title":"Dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the rat project, respectively, to the cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei","volume":"51","author":"Ikai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02306-9","article-title":"Microanatomical localization of dopamine receptor protein immunoreactivity in the rat cerebellar cortex","volume":"854","author":"Barili","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8677","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-23-08677.2000","article-title":"Dopamine D3 Receptors Expressed by All Mesencephalic Dopamine Neurons","volume":"20","author":"Pilon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(96)00964-X","article-title":"Evidence for a functional role of the dopamine D3 receptors in the cerebellum","volume":"737","author":"Barik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2005.04.020","article-title":"Dopamine D3 modulation of locomotor activity and sleep in the nucleus accumbens and in lobules 9 and 10 of the cerebellum in the rat","volume":"29","author":"Barik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0009-0","article-title":"The involvement of cerebellar dopamine D3 receptors in locomotor activity of rats","volume":"115","author":"Kolasiewicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(93)90108-W","article-title":"Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in cerebellar Purkinje cells of the rat","volume":"150","author":"Takada","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(98)01318-6","article-title":"The anatomy of the cerebellum","volume":"21","author":"Voogd","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_153","unstructured":"Trovillas, P., and Fuxe, K. (1993). A small population of Purkinje cells in the posterior vermis is specifically labeled by a tyrosine hydroxylase antibody. Serotonin, the Cerebellum and Ataxia, Raven Press."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8530","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0468-09.2009","article-title":"Dopamine Signaling Is Required for Depolarization-Induced Slow Current in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.89.309","article-title":"7-Hydroxy-N,N\u2019-di-n-propyl-2-aminotetraline, a Preferential Dopamine D3 Agonist, Induces c-fos mRNA Expression in the Rat Cerebellum","volume":"89","author":"Ishibashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"Heman, P., Barcia, C., G\u00f3mez, A., Ros G\u00f3mez, C.M., Ros Bernal, F., Yuste Jim\u00e9nez, J.E., de Pablos, V., Fernandez-Villalba, E., C\u00e1rdenas, R.T., and Ezquerro, M.H. (2012). Nigral degeneration correlates with persistent activation of cerebellar Purkinje cells in MPTP-treated monkeys. Histol. Histopathol., 89\u201394."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.08.015","article-title":"6-OHDA injections into A8\u2013A9 dopaminergic neurons modelling early stages of Parkinson\u2019s disease increase the harmaline-induced tremor in rats","volume":"1477","author":"Kolasiewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8452","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000496107","article-title":"The basal ganglia communicate with the cerebellum","volume":"107","author":"Bostan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)91456-B","article-title":"Localization of dopamine D3 receptor mRNA in the rat brain using in situ hybridization histochemistry: Comparison with dopamine D2 receptor mRNA","volume":"564","author":"Bouthenet","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"1414","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease association with essential tremor","volume":"5","author":"Rajput","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020050124","article-title":"[123 I]\u03b2-CIT and SPECT in essential tremor and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"105","author":"Asenbaum","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200005)15:3<503::AID-MDS1013>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Accurate differentiation of parkinsonism and essential tremor using visual assessment of [123I]-FP-CIT SPECT imaging: The [123I]-FP-CIT study group","volume":"15","author":"Benamer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22870","article-title":"Imaging essential tremor","volume":"25","author":"Isaias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720170040","article-title":"The status of dopamine nerve terminals in Parkinson\u2019s disease and essential tremor: A PET study with the tracer [11-C]FE-CIT","volume":"22","author":"Antonini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-012-2232-7","article-title":"Dopaminergic dysfunction and psychiatric symptoms in movement disorders: A 123I-FP-CIT SPECT study","volume":"39","author":"Camardese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-015-1419-z","article-title":"Dopamine transporter imaging in essential tremor with and without parkinsonian features","volume":"122","author":"Waln","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.07.028","article-title":"Thalamic neurometabolic alterations in tremulous Parkinson\u2019s disease: A preliminary proton MR spectroscopy study","volume":"43","author":"Barbagallo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-012-0577-4","article-title":"SPECT study with I-123-Ioflupane (DaTSCAN) in patients with essential tremor. Is there any correlation with Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"26","author":"Gerasimou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0b013e3282f4d307","article-title":"Striatal dopamine transporter abnormalities in patients with essential tremor","volume":"29","author":"Isaias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2005.00517.x","article-title":"99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT study in early Parkinson\u2019s disease and essential tremor","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-005-0311-7","article-title":"[11C]d-threo-methylphenidate PET in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and essential tremor","volume":"113","author":"Breit","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.8.1554","article-title":"Isolated tremor and disruption of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system: An 18F-dopa PET study","volume":"42","author":"Brooks","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-004-0208-x","article-title":"Combined 123I-FP-CIT and 123I-IBZM SPECT for the diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes: Study on 72 patients","volume":"112","author":"Plotkin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e31824687bf","article-title":"Pramipexole May Be an Effective Treatment Option in Essential Tremor","volume":"35","author":"Herceg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1996.9771","article-title":"Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase A by \u03b2-Carboline Derivatives","volume":"337","author":"Kim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2014.11.008","article-title":"Apomorphine enhances harmaline-induced tremor in rats","volume":"67","author":"Ossowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12467","article-title":"Pramipexole at a Low Dose Induces Beneficial Effect in the Harmaline-induced Model of Essential Tremor in Rats","volume":"22","author":"Kosmowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.6.713","article-title":"Pramipexole in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and marked drug resistant tremor: A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled multicentre study","volume":"72","author":"Pogarell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.131","article-title":"Adenosine signaling and function in glial cells","volume":"17","author":"Boison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.05.031","article-title":"Modulation of glial cell functions by adenosine receptors","volume":"92","author":"Schulte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(05)63007-3","article-title":"Adenosine and Brain Function","volume":"63","author":"Fredholm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190716112319","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Agonists and Antagonists of A1, A2a, A2b and A3 Adenosine Receptors","volume":"25","author":"Jamwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2016.02.006","article-title":"Adenosine as a Multi-Signalling Guardian Angel in Human Diseases: When, Where and How Does it Exert its Protective Effects?","volume":"37","author":"Borea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morelli, M., Simola, N., and Wardas, J. (2015). Adenosine A2A receptors: Localization and function. The Adenosinergic System: A Non-Dopaminergic Target in Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20273-0"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00607.x","article-title":"Adenosine in the central nervous system: Release mechanisms and extracellular concentrations","volume":"79","author":"Latini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.2174\/187152712803581092","article-title":"Ectonucleotidases and nucleotide\/nucleoside transporters as pharmacological targets for neurological disorders","volume":"11","author":"Bonan","year":"2012","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.2174\/156802611795347582","article-title":"Molecular Biology of Nucleoside Transporters and their Distributions and Functions in the Brain","volume":"11","author":"Parkinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-02-00607.1997","article-title":"Activation of Hippocampal Adenosine A3Receptors Produces a Desensitization of A1Receptor-Mediated Responses in Rat Hippocampus","volume":"17","author":"Dunwiddie","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0702591","article-title":"Extracellular adenosine concentrations duringin vitroischaemia in rat hippocampal slices","volume":"127","author":"Latini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.2174\/156802611795347564","article-title":"The Role of Extracellular Adenosine in Chemical Neurotransmission in the Hippocampus and Basal Ganglia: Pharmacological and Clinical Aspects","volume":"11","author":"Sperlagh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00049.2017","article-title":"Pharmacology of Adenosine Receptors: The State of the Art","volume":"98","author":"Borea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01643-8","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of adenosine A1 receptors in human brain regions","volume":"297","author":"Schindler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990823)411:2<301::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Cellular localization of adenosine A1 receptors in rat forebrain: Immunohistochemical analysis using adenosine A1 receptor-specific monoclonal antibody","volume":"411","author":"Ochiishi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89615-9_16","article-title":"Adenosine Receptors and the Central Nervous System","volume":"193","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(87)92961-7","article-title":"The distribution of adenosine a1 receptors and 5\u2019-nucleotidase in the brain of some commonly used experimental animals","volume":"22","author":"Fastbom","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15561.x","article-title":"Tissue distribution of adenosine receptor mRNAs in the rat","volume":"118","author":"Dixon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4956","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-13-04956.1997","article-title":"Adenosine A1Receptor-Mediated Activation of Phospholipase C in Cultured Astrocytes Depends on the Level of Receptor Expression","volume":"17","author":"Biber","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_198","first-page":"37","article-title":"Both Adenosine a1- and a2-Receptors are Required to Stimulate Microglial Proliferation","volume":"29","author":"Christoffel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10281","article-title":"Oligodendrocytes express functional A1 adenosine receptors that stimulate cellular migration","volume":"44","author":"Othman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00062-U","article-title":"Immunohistochemical detection of A1 adenosine receptors in rat brain with emphasis on localization in the hippocampal formation, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia","volume":"677","author":"Rivkees","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(89)90011-0","article-title":"The cellular localization of adenosine receptors in rat neostriatum","volume":"28","author":"Alexander","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01617.x","article-title":"Dopamine D1Receptor-mediated Facilitation of GABAergic Neurotransmission in the Rat Strioentopeduncular Pathway and its Modulation by Adenosine A1Receptor-mediated Mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Svenningsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(00)00034-6","article-title":"Adenosine as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic regulator in the nervous system: Different roles, different sources and different receptors","volume":"38","author":"Cunha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)03247-5","article-title":"Subcellular localization of adenosine A1 receptors in nerve terminals and synapses of the rat hippocampus","volume":"987","author":"Rebola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190716100509","article-title":"Medicinal Chemistry and Therapeutic Potential of Agonists, Antagonists and Allosteric Modulators of A1 Adenosine Receptor: Current Status and Perspectives","volume":"25","author":"Deb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1994.63010207.x","article-title":"Excitatory and inhibitory effects of A1 and A2A adenosine receptor activation on the electrically evoked [3H]acetylcholine release from different areas of the rat hippocampus","volume":"63","author":"Cunha","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.01.014","article-title":"Different synaptic and subsynaptic localization of adenosine A2A receptors in the hippocampus and striatum of the rat","volume":"132","author":"Rebola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19981116)401:2<163::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of adenosine A2A receptors in the rat central nervous system","volume":"401","author":"Rosin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(99)00011-8","article-title":"Distribution, biochemistry and function of striatal adenosine A2A receptors","volume":"59","author":"Svenningsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19980921)399:2<229::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Cellular distribution of adenosine A2A receptor mrna in the primate striatum","volume":"399","author":"Svenningsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000095205.33940.99","article-title":"Anatomy of adenosine A2A receptors in brain: Morphological substrates for integration of striatal function","volume":"61","author":"Rosin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(89)90571-2","article-title":"Direct autoradiographic localization of adenosine A2 receptors in the rat brain using the A2-selective agonist, [3H]CGS 21680","volume":"168","author":"Jarvis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20010312)431:3<331::AID-CNE1074>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Ultrastructural localization of adenosine A2A receptors suggests multiple cellular sites for modulation of GABAergic neurons in rat striatum","volume":"431","author":"Hettinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22290","article-title":"Adenosine A2A receptors modulate glutamate uptake in cultured astrocytes and gliosomes","volume":"60","author":"Matos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18492","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1828-13.2013","article-title":"Antagonistic Interaction between Adenosine A2A Receptors and Na+\/K+-ATPase- 2 Controlling Glutamate Uptake in Astrocytes","volume":"33","author":"Matos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2007.05.001","article-title":"Adenosine A2A receptors and basal ganglia physiology","volume":"83","author":"Schiffmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(94)90048-5","article-title":"Adenosine A2a receptor mRNA is expressed by enkephalin cells but not by somatostatin cells in rat striatum: A co-expression study","volume":"22","author":"Augood","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(92)90173-9","article-title":"Molecular cloning of the rat A2 adenosine receptor: Selective co-expression with D2 dopamine receptors in rat striatum","volume":"14","author":"Fink","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08257.x","article-title":"Striatal Restricted Adenosine A2Receptor (RDC8) Is Expressed by Enkephalin but Not by Substance P Neurons: An In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry Study","volume":"57","author":"Schiffmann","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2009.143","article-title":"Key Modulatory Role of Presynaptic Adenosine A2AReceptors in Cortical Neurotransmission to the Striatal Direct Pathway","volume":"9","author":"Quiroz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02887.x","article-title":"Co-localization and functional interaction between adenosine A2A and metabotropic group 5 receptors in glutamatergic nerve terminals of the rat striatum","volume":"92","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3574-05.2006","article-title":"Presynaptic Control of Striatal Glutamatergic Neurotransmission by Adenosine A1-A2A Receptor Heteromers","volume":"26","author":"Ciruela","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1994.tb16171.x","article-title":"Inhibition by KF17837 of adenosine A2A receptor-mediated modulation of striatal GABA and ACh release","volume":"113","author":"Kurokawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb08817.x","article-title":"Both A1and A2aPurine Receptors Regulate Striatal Acetylcholine Release","volume":"55","author":"Brown","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.66051882.x","article-title":"Adenosine A2a Receptor-Mediated Modulation of Striatal Acetylcholine Release In Vivo","volume":"66","author":"Kurokawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_226","first-page":"381","article-title":"Adenosine A2B receptors","volume":"49","author":"Feoktistov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnstock, G., and Verkhratsky, A. (2012). Receptors for Purines and Pyrimidines. Pharmacol. Rev., 119\u2013244.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28863-0_5"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(05)81462-7","article-title":"Molecular cloning and expression of an adenosine A2b receptor from human brain","volume":"187","author":"Pierce","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_229","first-page":"527","article-title":"International Union of Pharmacology. XXV. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors","volume":"53","author":"Fredholm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(00)00117-9","article-title":"Adenosine A1 and A3 receptors mediate inhibition of synaptic transmission in rat cortical neurons","volume":"40","author":"Brand","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.003285","article-title":"International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXI. Nomenclature and Classification of Adenosine Receptors\u2014An Update","volume":"63","author":"Fredholm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01919.x","article-title":"Evidence for functional adenosine A3 receptors in microglia cells","volume":"86","author":"Hammarberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20016","article-title":"Adenosine A3 receptor-induced CCL2 synthesis in cultured mouse astrocytes","volume":"46","author":"Wittendorp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)01120-1","article-title":"[125I]4-Aminobenzyl-5\u2032-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine ([125I]AB-MECA) labels multiple adenosine receptor subtypes in rat brain","volume":"745","author":"Shearman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200004070-00026","article-title":"Are A3 adenosine receptors expressed in the brain?","volume":"11","author":"Rivkees","year":"2000","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1089\/caff.2019.0008","article-title":"Functional and Neuroprotective Role of Striatal Adenosine A2AReceptor Heterotetramers","volume":"9","author":"Ciruela","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Caffeine Adenosine Res."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03761-6","article-title":"Structure and function of adenosine receptor heteromers","volume":"78","author":"Franco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2009.00126.x","article-title":"Adenosine\u2013Dopamine Interactions in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of CNS Disorders","volume":"16","author":"Fuxe","year":"2010","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-006-6216-2","article-title":"Heterodimeric adenosine receptors: A device to regulate neurotransmitter release","volume":"63","author":"Ciruela","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8606","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.150241097","article-title":"Dopamine D1 and adenosine A1 receptors form functionally interacting heteromeric complexes","volume":"97","author":"Hillion","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2015.06.002","article-title":"Complex formation and functional interaction between adenosine A1 receptor and type-1 metabotropic glutamate receptor","volume":"128","author":"Kamikubo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7617","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.121587098","article-title":"Heteromeric association creates a P2Y-like adenosine receptor","volume":"98","author":"Yoshioka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18091","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M107731200","article-title":"Coaggregation, Cointernalization, and Codesensitization of Adenosine A2A Receptors and Dopamine D2Receptors","volume":"277","author":"Hillion","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.104.003376","article-title":"Adenosine A2A Receptor and Dopamine D3 Receptor Interactions: Evidence of Functional A2A\/D3 Heteromeric Complexes","volume":"67","author":"Torvinen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00179-9","article-title":"Metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor-mediated modulation of the ventral striopallidal GABA pathway in rats. Interactions with adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors","volume":"324","author":"Harte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301375","article-title":"Striatal Adenosine A2A and Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors Form Functional Heteromeric Complexes that Mediate the Motor Effects of Cannabinoids","volume":"32","author":"Carriba","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-005-0649-1","article-title":"Neuroprotection by adenosine in the brain: From A1 receptor activation to A2A receptor blockade","volume":"1","author":"Cunha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Purinergic Signal."},{"key":"ref_248","first-page":"106","article-title":"Delayed increase of Ca2+ influx elicited by glutamate: Role in neuronal death","volume":"36","author":"Manev","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_249","first-page":"313","article-title":"Neuroprotective role of adenosine in the CNS","volume":"54","author":"Wardas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pol. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stockwell, J., Jakova, E., and Cayabyab, F.S. (2017). Adenosine A1 and A2A Receptors in the Brain: Current Research and Their Role in Neurodegeneration. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22040676"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.05.027","article-title":"Blockade of adenosine A2A receptors antagonizes parkinsonian tremor in the rat tacrine model by an action on specific striatal regions","volume":"189","author":"Simola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_252","first-page":"49","article-title":"Pharmacological and Physiological Characterization of the Tremulous Jaw Movement Model of Parkinsonian Tremor: Potential Insights into the Pathophysiology of Tremor","volume":"5","author":"Paul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_253","first-page":"639","article-title":"Essential tremor-successful treatment with aminophylline. A case report","volume":"64","author":"Sandyk","year":"1983","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1997.tb00149.x","article-title":"The effect of intravenous aminophylline on essential tremor","volume":"43","author":"Buss","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90464-9","article-title":"Aminophylline and Essential Tremor","volume":"334","author":"Mally","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(95)00128-O","article-title":"Efficacy of an adenosine antagonist, theophylline, in essential tremor: Comparison with placebo and propranolol","volume":"132","author":"Mally","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(96)00119-2","article-title":"Potential role of adenosine antagonist therapy in pathological tremor disorders","volume":"72","author":"Mally","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(91)90190-D","article-title":"The effect of theophylline on essential tremor: The possible role of GABA","volume":"39","author":"Mally","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20035","article-title":"Semiquantitative study of current coffee, caffeine, and ethanol intake in essential tremor cases and controls","volume":"19","author":"Louis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.20.2674","article-title":"Association of Coffee and Caffeine Intake With the Risk of Parkinson Disease","volume":"283","author":"Ross","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.09.007","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between caffeine intake and essential tremor","volume":"251","author":"Prakash","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00042-3","article-title":"Effect of acute caffeine on severity of harmaline induced tremor in rats","volume":"325","author":"Arshaduddin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1980.tb13071.x","article-title":"Inhibition by caffeine of calcium uptake by brain microsomal vesicles","volume":"32","author":"Trotta","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(89)91337-5","article-title":"Caffeine-sensitive calcium stores in presynaptic nerve endings: A physiological role?","volume":"161","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27700","article-title":"MDS evidence-based review of treatments for essential tremor","volume":"34","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(97)00459-X","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation is preferable to thalamotomy for tremor suppression","volume":"49","author":"Tasker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.05.006","article-title":"Wireless Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry to Monitor Adenosine in Patients With Essential Tremor During Deep Brain Stimulation","volume":"87","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.04.063","article-title":"Spontaneous activity in Purkinje cells: Multi-electrode recording from organotypic cerebellar slice cultures","volume":"1218","author":"Kessler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/11\/12\/1813\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:38:48Z","timestamp":1760168328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/11\/12\/1813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"references-count":268,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["biom11121813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom11121813","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]}}}