{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:04:58Z","timestamp":1790384698432,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Uroplakins (UPs) are glycoproteins that play a specific role in the structure and function of the urothelium. Disorders which affect the normal expression of UPs are associated with the pathogenesis of infections and neoplasms of the urinary tract, primary vesicoureteral reflux, hydronephrosis and renal dysfunction. The appearance of uroplakins in the urine and\/or plasma may be of potential importance in the detection of urinary tract dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to investigate uroplakin IIIa (UPIIIa) and uroplakin II (UPII) expression in patients with selected urological diseases. Methods: Plasma and urine from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urethral stricture (US), urinary tract infection (UTI) and urolithiasis were compared to healthy people without urological disorders. UPs concentrations were measured by the immunoenzymatic method. Results: In patients with BPH and UTI, concentrations of UPIIIa in urine and plasma, as well as UPII in urine, were statistically significantly higher than in the control groups. In the US group, only the plasma UPIIIa concentration differed significantly from the control. Conclusion: The conducted research shows that benign urological diseases may affect the state of the urothelium, as manifested by increased concentrations of both UPs in patients\u2019 urine and plasma, especially in BPH and UTI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11121816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T21:19:08Z","timestamp":1638479948000},"page":"1816","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Initial Evaluation of Uroplakins UPIIIa and UPII in Selected Benign Urological Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Beata","family":"Szyma\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Matuszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janusz","family":"Dembowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Piwowar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"252","article-title":"Uroplakins and their potential applications in urology","volume":"69","author":"Matuszewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.73","article-title":"Uroplakins in urothelial biology, function, and disease","volume":"75","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2011.15.1.4","article-title":"Uroplakins in the lower urinary tract","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Neurourol. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-14-13","article-title":"Generation of divergent uroplakin tetraspanins and their partners during vertebrate evolution: Identification of novel uroplakins","volume":"14","author":"Desalle","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200602086","article-title":"Structural basis for tetraspanin functions as revealed by the cryo\u2014EM structure of uroplakin complexes at 6\u2014A resolution","volume":"173","author":"Min","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2004.12.011","article-title":"Urothelial umbrella cells of human ureter are heterogeneous with respect to their uroplakin composition: Different degrees of urothelial maturity in ureter and bladder?","volume":"84","author":"Riedel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004090776","article-title":"De novo uroplakin IIIa heterozygous mutations cause human renal adysplasia leading to severe kidney failure","volume":"16","author":"Jenkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002053","article-title":"Uroplakins: New molecular players in the biology of urinary tract malformations","volume":"71","author":"Jenkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200406025","article-title":"Roles of uroplakins in plaque formation, umbrella cell enlargement, and urinary tract diseases","volume":"67","author":"Kong","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"98","article-title":"Uroplakine as markers of urinary tract diseases","volume":"2","author":"Lis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.151.5.961","article-title":"Ablation of uroplakin III gene results in small urothelial plaques, urothelial leakage, and vesicoureteral reflux","volume":"151","author":"Hu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1200","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00043.2002","article-title":"Role of membrane proteins in permeability barrier function: Uroplakin ablation elevates urothelial permeability","volume":"283","author":"Hu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.87.2.114","article-title":"Fetal, perinatal, and infant death with congenital renal anomaly","volume":"87","author":"Scott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2533\/chimia.2012.166","article-title":"In vivo evaluation of FimH antagonists-a novel class of antimicrobials for the treatment of urinary tract infection","volume":"66","author":"Abgottspon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chim. Int. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2002.129416","article-title":"Immunohistochemical profile of high-grade urothelial bladder carcinoma and prostate adenocarcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Mhawech","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1252","article-title":"Uroplakin gene expression in normal human tissues and locally advanced bladder cancer","volume":"199","author":"Olsburgh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1291","article-title":"Uroplakin II gene is expressed in transitional cell carcinoma but not in bilharzial bladder squamous cell carcinoma: Alternative pathways of bladder epithelial differentiation and tumor formation","volume":"58","author":"Wu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-011-0857-4","article-title":"Expression and localization of four uroplakins in urothelial preneoplastic lesions","volume":"136","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2007.04.003","article-title":"Persistent uroplakin expression in advanced urothelial carcinomas: Implications in urothelial tumor progression and clinical outcome","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.11.128","article-title":"Loss expression of uroplakin III is associated with clinicopathologic features of aggressive bladder cancer","volume":"72","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2006.06158.x","article-title":"Loss of uroplakin III expression is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract","volume":"97","author":"Ohtsuka","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in adults","volume":"64","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Re. Prat."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05352.x","article-title":"The affinity of the FimH fimbrial adhesin is receptor-driven and quasi-independent of Escherichia coli pathotypes","volume":"61","author":"Bouckaert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.07.005","article-title":"Intracellular bacterial communities of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in urinary tract pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1084550","article-title":"Intracellular bacterial biofilm-like pods in urinary tract infections","volume":"3","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2016.04.012","article-title":"Review of Prostate Anatomy and Embryology and the Etiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia","volume":"43","author":"Aaron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2016.25.20.1112","article-title":"Kidney stones: Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management","volume":"25","author":"Cunningham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.173108","article-title":"Current management of urethral stricture disease","volume":"32","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1309\/PYQC-17CB-063T-Q07J","article-title":"Uroplakin III is a highly specific and moderately sensitive immunohistochemical marker for primary and metastatic urothelial carcinomas","volume":"113","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2042.1999.00064.x","article-title":"Expression of transitional cell-specic genes, uroplakin Ia and II, in bladder cancer: Detection of circulating cancer cells in the peripheral blood of metastatic patients","volume":"6","author":"Yuasa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2015.16.4.1539","article-title":"High expression level of preoperative serum uroplakin III is associated with biologically aggressive bladder cancer","volume":"16","author":"Tsumura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514.e6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.11.045","article-title":"UPK3A: A promising novel urinary marker for the detection of bladder cancer","volume":"76","author":"Lai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"8315410","article-title":"Uroplakin IIIa Is a Marker in Bladder Cancer but Seems Not to Reflect Chemical Carcinogenesis","volume":"2018","author":"Matuszewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8693297","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8693297","article-title":"Preliminary Evaluation of the Diagnostic Usefulness of Uroplakin 2 with an Assessment of the Antioxidant Potential of Patients with Bladder Cancer","volume":"2018","author":"Matuszewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17221","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R000005200","article-title":"Structure and Function of Sphingolipid-and Cholesterol-rich Membrane Rafts","volume":"275","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18944","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M400769200","article-title":"Bacterial penetration of bladder epithelium through lipid rafts","volume":"279","author":"Duncan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thumbikat, P., Berry, R.E., Zhou, G., Billips, B.K., Yaggie, R.E., Zaichuk, T., Sun, T.T., Schaeffer, A.J., and Klumpp, D.J. (2009). Bacteria-induced uroplakin signaling mediates bladder response to infection. PLOS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000415"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2007.05.007","article-title":"TLR4-initiated and cAMP-mediated abrogation of bacterial invasion of the bladder","volume":"1","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eursup.2009.11.004","article-title":"Should we investigate prostatic inflammation for the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia?","volume":"8","author":"Robert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2004.12.008","article-title":"Benign prostatic hyperplasia: Age-related tissue-remodeling","volume":"40","author":"Untergasser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2003.03052.x","article-title":"Inverse expression of uroplakins and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the urothelium of patients with bladder outlet obstruction","volume":"91","author":"Romih","year":"2003","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.2020.61.3.304","article-title":"Changes in uroplakin expression in the urothelium of patients with ulcerative interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Clin. Urol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu577","article-title":"Cathelicidin Augments Epithelial Receptivity and Pathogenesis in Experimental Escherichia coli Cystitis","volume":"211","author":"Danka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2019.06.003","article-title":"Uroplakin expression in the male reproductive tract of rat","volume":"281","author":"Munipalli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34734-8","article-title":"Urothelium proliferation is a trigger for renal crystal deposits in a murine lithogenesis model","volume":"8","author":"Bilbault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/11\/12\/1816\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:38:52Z","timestamp":1760168332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/11\/12\/1816"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["biom11121816"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom11121816","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-847359\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]}}}