{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:34:16Z","timestamp":1787027656591,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004564","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["451-03-9\/2021-14\/200015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-9\/2021-14\/200015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic inflammation is characterized by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species, and inflammatory cytokines in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). In addition to these parameters, the aim of this study was to analyze the influence of ROS on the proliferation-related AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway and the relationship with inflammatory factors in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase is reduced in erythrocytes while levels of the oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl are elevated in the plasma of patients with CML. In addition, nitrogen species (nitrotyrosine, iNOS, eNOS) and inflammation markers (IL-6, NFkB, and S100 protein) were increased in granulocytes of CML while anti-inflammatory levels of IL-10 were decreased in plasma. CML granulocytes exhibited greater resistance to cytotoxic H2O2 activity compared to healthy subjects. Moreover, phosphorylation of the apoptotic p53 protein was reduced while the activity of the AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway was increased, which was further enhanced by oxidative stress (H2O2) in granulocytes and erythroleukemic K562 cells. IL-6 caused oxidative stress and DNA damage that was mitigated using antioxidant or inhibition of inflammatory NFkB transcription factor in K562 cells. We demonstrated the presence of oxidative and nitrosative stress in CML, with the former mediated by AKT\/mTOR signaling and stimulated by inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T05:42:33Z","timestamp":1643866953000},"page":"247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Inflammation Promotes Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dragoslava","family":"\u0110iki\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8288-7308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrija","family":"Bogdanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Hematology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3646-8505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragana","family":"Markovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3977-2780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivera","family":"Mitrovi\u0107-Ajti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5132-8319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tijana","family":"Suboti\u010dki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milo\u0161","family":"Dikli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0232-5322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Vukoti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teodora","family":"Dragojevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilija","family":"\u017divkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9951-8990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan F.","family":"Santibanez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Centro Integrativo de Biolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins, Santiago 8370854, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0362-1449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladan P.","family":"\u010coki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S191303","article-title":"Chronic myelogenous leukemia, a still unsolved problem: Pitfalls and new therapeutic possibilities","volume":"13","author":"Flis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Des. 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