{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:23:54Z","timestamp":1792167834209,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human Leukocyte Antigen-G (HLA-G), a polymorphic non-classical HLA (HLA-Ib) with immune-regulatory properties in cancers and infectious diseases, presents both membrane-bound and soluble (sHLA-G) isoforms. Polymorphism has implications in host responses to pathogen infections and in pathogenesis. Differential expression patterns of HLA-G\/sHLA-G or its polymorphism seem to be related to different pathological conditions, potentially acting as a disease progression biomarker. Pathogen antigens might be involved in the regulation of both membrane-bound and sHLA-G levels and impact immune responses during co-infections. The upregulation of HLA-G in viral and bacterial infections induce tolerance to infection. Recently, sHLA-G was found useful to identify the prognosis of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among patients and it was observed that the high levels of sHLA-G are associated with worse prognosis. The use of pathogens, such as Plasmodium falciparum, as immune modulators for other infections could be extended for the modulation of membrane-bound HLA-G in COVID-19-infected tissues. Overall, such information might open new avenues concerning the effect of some pathogens such as parasites in decreasing the expression level of HLA-G to restrict pathogenesis in some infections or to influence the immune responses after vaccination among others.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:36:47Z","timestamp":1644179807000},"page":"257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Immunomodulatory Potential of Non-Classical HLA-G in Infections including COVID-19 and Parasitic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4675-7274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajad","family":"Rashidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (E-INTRO), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7723-9616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renu","family":"Tuteja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasite Biology Group, ICGEB, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Mansouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd 8915173143, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ali-Hassanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft 7861615765, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0244-4740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Muro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (E-INTRO), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2193-7316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Nguewa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, c\/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5066-9496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Manzano-Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (E-INTRO), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1245-z","article-title":"What the HLA-I!-Classical and Non-classical HLA Class I and Their Potential Roles in Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Wyatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. 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