{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T11:01:51Z","timestamp":1773572511669,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scholarship Becas Chile-DAAD: Doctoral scholarships with a bilateral agreement abroad CONICYT-DAAD","award":["No grant number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No grant number"]}]},{"name":"National agency for agricultural research NAZV","award":["QK1810221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QK1810221"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic\u2014the project Sustainable production of healthy fish in various aquaculture systems PROFISH","award":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.1.01\/0.0\/0.0\/16_019\/0000869"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) particles safely and effectively deliver pharmaceutical ingredients, with many applications approved for clinical use in humans. In fishes, PLGA particles are being considered as carriers of therapeutic drugs and vaccine antigens. However, existing studies focus mainly on vaccine antigens, the endpoint immune responses to these (e.g., improved antibody titres), without deeper understanding of whether fishes react to the carrier. To test whether or not PLGA are recognized by or interact at all with the immune system of a teleost fish, we prepared, characterized and injected PLGA microparticles intraperitoneally into common carp. The influx, phenotype of inflammatory leukocytes, and their capacity to produce reactive oxygen species and phagocytose PLGA microparticles were tested by flow cytometry, qPCR, and microscopy. PLGA microparticles were indeed recognized. However, they induced only transient recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes that was resolved 4 days later whereas only the smallest \u00b5m-sized particles were phagocytosed. The overall response resembled that described in mammals against foreign materials. Given the similarities between our findings and those described in mammals, PLGA particles can be adapted to play a dual role as both antigen and drug carriers in fishes, depending on the administered dose and their design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:14:46Z","timestamp":1645431286000},"page":"326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Acute Immune Responses of the Common Carp Cyprinus carpio to PLGA Microparticles\u2014The Interactions of a Teleost Fish with a Foreign Material"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3019-1800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Montero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Comparative Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4271-0177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin Tze Ho","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9358-1021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernd","family":"K\u00f6llner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Comparative Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Kuchta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5142-3191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Vyslou\u017eil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, 601 77 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Podhorec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, 370 05 \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4916-3172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astrid Sibylle","family":"Holzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Koryt\u00e1\u0159","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czech Republic"},{"name":"South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, 370 05 \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-019-00446-y","article-title":"Meeting the unmet: From traditional to cutting-edge techniques for poly lactide and poly lactide-co-glycolide microparticle manufacturing","volume":"49","author":"Schoubben","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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