{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:25:45Z","timestamp":1789194345491,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]],"date-time":"2022-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretaria de Educaci\u00f3n, Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n de la Ciudad de Mexico","award":["SECITI\/115\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SECITI\/115\/2017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FOSISS 290645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOSISS 290645"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Many COVID-19 patients require invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) while others, even with acute respiratory failure, do not (NIMV). Therefore, we aimed to evaluate serum levels of MMP-7 and molecules related to exhausted T-cells as potential biomarkers to differentiate between IMV and NIMV patients. Methods: 105 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and confirmed by RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 were divided into two groups according to the requirement for IMV. Serum levels of sPD-L1, sPD-L2, sTIM-3, sGal-9 and sMMP-7 were quantified by ELISA and correlated with clinical data. Twelve patients were followed up after eight months to compare the levels of the biomarkers between acute disease and post-COVID-19. Results: IMV patients experienced a lower PaO2\/FiO2 (p &lt; 0.0001) and a longer hospital stay (p &lt; 0.0001), and exhibited higher levels of sPD-L1 (p &lt; 0.05), sTIM-3 (p &lt; 0.01) and sMMP-7 (p &lt; 0.0001) when compared with NIMV patients. According to a ROC analysis, sMMP-7 had the highest sensitivity (78%) and specificity (76%) with a cut point of 4.5 ng\/mL, followed by sTIM-3 and sPD-L1. Eight months post-COVID-19, IMV patients displayed a significant decrease in the initially high levels of sPD-L1, sTIM-3 and sGal-9, while sPD-L2 was increased, and sMMP-7 was unchanged. Conclusion: Circulating levels of sPD-L1, sTIM-3 and sMMP-7 are potential biomarkers of disease severity to distinguish patients requiring IMV. MMP-7 could also be a marker for the persistence of lung lesions post-COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12030445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T03:06:10Z","timestamp":1647313570000},"page":"445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Circulating Levels of PD-L1, TIM-3 and MMP-7 Are Promising Biomarkers to Differentiate COVID-19 Patients That Require Invasive Mechanical Ventilation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2334-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie","family":"Chavez-Galan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1556-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Martinez-Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9239-7337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiram","family":"Aguilar-Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6877-8124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramces","family":"Falfan-Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6876-1012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"P\u00e9rez-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1022-4783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moises","family":"Selman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2825-506X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivette","family":"Buendia-Roldan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, July 14). 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