{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:25:31Z","timestamp":1791318331054,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer is a complex family of diseases affecting millions of people worldwide. Gliomas are primary brain tumors that account for ~80% of all malignant brain tumors. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common, invasive, and lethal subtype of glioma. Therapy resistance and intra-GBM tumoral heterogeneity are promoted by subpopulations of glioma stem cells (GSCs). Cannabis sativa produces hundreds of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, terpenes, and phytocannabinoids. Around 160 phytocannabinoids have been identified in C. sativa. Cannabis is commonly used to treat various medical conditions, and it is used in the palliative care of cancer patients. The anti-cancer properties of cannabis compounds include cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and anti-migratory activities on cancer cells and cancer stem cells. The endocannabinoids system is widely distributed in the body, and its dysregulation is associated with different diseases, including various types of cancer. Anti-cancer activities of phytocannabinoids are mediated in glioma cells, at least partially, by the endocannabinoid receptors, triggering various cellular signaling pathways, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. Specific combinations of multiple phytocannabinoids act synergistically against cancer cells and may trigger different anti-cancer signaling pathways. Yet, due to scarcity of clinical trials, there remains no solid basis for the anti-cancer therapeutic potential of cannabis compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12040491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:05:18Z","timestamp":1648166718000},"page":"491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Cannabis Biomolecule Effects on Cancer Cells and Cancer Stem Cells: Cytotoxic, Anti-Proliferative, and Anti-Migratory Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hadar","family":"Peeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2818-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hinanit","family":"Koltai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruddon, R.W. (2007). Cancer Biology, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195175448.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"180","article-title":"Medicinal cannabis: History, pharmacology, and implications for the acute care setting","volume":"42","author":"Bridgeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corroon, J., Sexton, M., and Bradley, R. (2019). Indications and administration practices amongst medical cannabis healthcare providers: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Fam. Pract., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-019-1059-8"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31789-1","article-title":"Public health implications of legalising the production and sale of cannabis for medicinal and recreational use","volume":"394","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1981.10471447","article-title":"The religious and medicinal uses of Cannabis in China, India and Tibet","volume":"13","author":"Touw","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462006000200015","article-title":"History of cannabis as a medicine: A review","volume":"28","author":"Zuardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"34","article-title":"Marijuana in medicine: Past, present and future","volume":"110","author":"Mikuriya","year":"1969","journal-title":"Calif. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b00949","article-title":"Evolution of the cannabinoid and terpene content during the growth of Cannabis sativa plants from different chemotypes","volume":"79","author":"Soydaner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45541-9_1","article-title":"Phytochemistry of Cannabis sativa L.","volume":"103","author":"ElSohly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytocannabinoids"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NP00074F","article-title":"Phytocannabinoids: A unified critical inventory","volume":"33","author":"Meyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1071\/CH21006","article-title":"The Chemistry of Cannabis and Cannabinoids","volume":"74","author":"Duggan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boivin, M. (2021). Nabiximols (Sativex\u00ae). Cannabinoids and Pain, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-69186-8_17"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S126849","article-title":"Dronabinol oral solution in the management of anorexia and weight loss in AIDS and cancer","volume":"14","author":"Badowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra061808","article-title":"Cancer stem cells","volume":"355","author":"Jordan","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00430-1","article-title":"Targeting cancer stem cells for reversing therapy resistance: Mechanism, signaling, and prospective agents","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660210","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.660210","article-title":"Advancement in cancer stem cell biology and precision medicine-review article, head and neck cancer stem cell plasticity and the tumor microenvironment","volume":"9","author":"Brenner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4185","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2021-0172","article-title":"An insight into the cancer stem cell survival pathways involved in chemoresistance in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"17","author":"Qayoom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, L., Wick, N., Germans, S.K., and Peng, Y. (2021). The role of breast cancer stem cells in chemoresistance and metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13246209"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2021.03.038","article-title":"The hallmarks of ovarian cancer stem cells and niches: Exploring their harmonious interplay in therapy resistance","volume":"77","author":"Motohara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1545-1","article-title":"The 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: A summary","volume":"131","author":"Louis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.02.047","article-title":"Historical perspective on surgery and survival with glioblastoma: How far have we come?","volume":"149","author":"McCutcheon","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"197","article-title":"Current standards of care in glioblastoma therapy","volume":"11","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exon Publ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2020.01.009","article-title":"Glioblastoma stem cells: Driving resilience through chaos","volume":"6","author":"Prager","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biserova, K., Jakovlevs, A., Uljanovs, R., and Strumfa, I. (2021). Cancer Stem Cells: Significance in origin, pathogenesis and treatment of glioblastoma. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030621"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14426","article-title":"Anti-tumour actions of cannabinoids","volume":"176","author":"Hinz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2020.1742952","article-title":"Cannabinoids as anticancer therapeutic agents","volume":"19","author":"Kovalchuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomko, A.M., Whynot, E.G., Ellis, L.D., and Dupr\u00e9, D.J. (2020). Anti-cancer potential of cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids present in cannabis. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12071985"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.05.010","article-title":"The use of cannabinoids as anticancer agents","volume":"64","author":"Velasco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-5176","article-title":"Cannabinoids inhibit glioma cell invasion by down-regulating matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression","volume":"68","author":"Salazar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2006.03.005","article-title":"The stress-regulated protein p8 mediates cannabinoid-induced apoptosis of tumor cells","volume":"9","author":"Carracedo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-09-0407","article-title":"Cannabidiol enhances the inhibitory effects of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol on human glioblastoma cell proliferation and survival","volume":"9","author":"Marcu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2014.12.010","article-title":"Modulation of the tumor microenvironment and inhibition of EGF\/EGFR pathway: Novel anti-tumor mechanisms of Cannabidiol in breast cancer","volume":"9","author":"Elbaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solinas, M., Massi, P., Cinquina, V., Valenti, M., Bolognini, D., Gariboldi, M., Monti, E., Rubino, T., and Parolaro, D. (2013). Cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive cannabinoid compound, inhibits proliferation and invasion in U87-MG and T98G glioma cells through a multitarget effect. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076918"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczorowska, A., Mi\u0119kus, N., Stefanowicz, J., and Adamkiewicz-Dro\u017cy\u0144ska, E. (2020). Selected matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-7) and their inhibitor (TIMP-2) in adult and pediatric cancer. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10080547"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"223","article-title":"Cannabinoid signaling in glioma cells","volume":"986","author":"Ciechomska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glioma Signal."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peeri, H., Shalev, N., Vinayaka, A.C., Nizar, R., Kazimirsky, G., Namdar, D., Anil, S.M., Belausov, E., Brodie, C., and Koltai, H. (2021). Specific compositions of Cannabis sativa compounds have cytotoxic activity and inhibit motility and colony formation of human glioblastoma cells in vitro. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13071720"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00159","article-title":"Cannabinoids in glioblastoma therapy: New applications for old drugs","volume":"11","author":"Dumitru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603236","article-title":"A pilot clinical study of \u0394 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"95","author":"Guzman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01969","article-title":"The case for the entourage effect and conventional breeding of clinical cannabis: No \u201cstrain\u201d, no gain","volume":"9","author":"Russo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2020.04.007","article-title":"Cannabis phytomolecule \u2018Entourage\u2019: From domestication to medical use","volume":"25","author":"Koltai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anis, O., Vinayaka, A.C., Shalev, N., Namdar, D., Nadarajan, S., Anil, S.M., Cohen, O., Belausov, E., Ramon, J., and Mayzlish Gati, E. (2021). Cannabis-derived compounds cannabichromene and \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol interact and exhibit cytotoxic activity against urothelial cell carcinoma correlated with inhibition of cell migration and cytoskeleton organization. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020465"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27528","article-title":"Synergistic cytotoxic activity of cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa against cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) in-vitro and ex-vivo","volume":"11","author":"Mazuz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0010","article-title":"Identification of synergistic interaction between cannabis-derived compounds for cytotoxic activity in colorectal cancer cell lines and colon polyps that induces apoptosis-related cell death and distinct gene expression","volume":"3","author":"Nallathambi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2017.4022","article-title":"Anticancer effects of phytocannabinoids used with chemotherapy in leukaemia cells can be improved by altering the sequence of their administration","volume":"51","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77543","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12721","article-title":"Cannabinoids synergize with carfilzomib, reducing multiple myeloma cells viability and migration","volume":"7","author":"Nabissi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0374-6","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system and its modulation by phytocannabinoids","volume":"12","author":"Piscitelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.130","article-title":"Circulating endocannabinoids: From whence do they come and where are they going?","volume":"43","author":"Hillard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laezza, C., Pagano, C., Navarra, G., Pastorino, O., Proto, M.C., Fiore, D., Piscopo, C., Gazzerro, P., and Bifulco, M. (2020). The endocannabinoid system: A target for cancer treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030747"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14331","article-title":"Insights into the effects of the endocannabinoid system in cancer: A review","volume":"175","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abood, M., Alexander, S.P., Barth, F., Bonner, T.I., Bradshaw, H., Cabral, G., Casellas, P., Cravatt, B.F., Devane, W.A., and Di Marzo, V. (2019). Cannabinoid receptors (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR\/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database. IUPHAR\/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE, University of Edinburgh Journal Hosting Service.","DOI":"10.2218\/gtopdb\/F13\/2019.4"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s12210-020-00957-z","article-title":"Phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids: Different in nature","volume":"31","author":"Maccarrone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rend. Lincei Sci. Fis. Nat."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-021-00622-6","article-title":"Endocannabinoid signaling pathways: Beyond CB1R and CB2R","volume":"15","author":"Biringer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6854","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M608900200","article-title":"Cannabinoids induce glioma stem-like cell differentiation and inhibit gliomagenesis","volume":"282","author":"Aguado","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"5784","article-title":"Inhibition of glioma growth in vivo by selective activation of the CB2 cannabinoid receptor","volume":"61","author":"Rueda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2020.01.010","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in cancer cells","volume":"190","author":"Oakes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2006.03.009","article-title":"The CB2 cannabinoid receptor signals apoptosis via ceramide-dependent activation of the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway","volume":"312","author":"Herrera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03083","article-title":"The C\/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) transcription factor functions in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and microbial infection","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.03.003","article-title":"TRIB3 alters endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced \u03b2-cell apoptosis via the NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"63","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.6.2.11062","article-title":"ER stress negatively regulates AKT\/TSC\/mTOR pathway to enhance autophagy","volume":"6","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2004.05.011","article-title":"Cannabinoids down-regulate PI3K\/Akt and Erk signalling pathways and activate proapoptotic function of Bad protein","volume":"17","author":"Kaminska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgab008","article-title":"Cannabinoid cancer biology and prevention","volume":"58","author":"McAllister","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/73171","article-title":"Anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids: Involvement of sustained ceramide accumulation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation","volume":"6","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1188","article-title":"Cannabinoids: Potential anticancer agents","volume":"3","author":"Guzman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2007.06.021","article-title":"Down-regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 in gliomas: A new marker of cannabinoid antitumoral activity?","volume":"54","author":"Carracedo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01370","article-title":"Role of matrix metalloproteinases in angiogenesis and cancer","volume":"9","author":"Arreola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1964-9","article-title":"Isolation of glioma cancer stem cells in relation to histological grades in glioma specimens","volume":"29","author":"Kong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.261982.115","article-title":"Cancer stem cells in glioblastoma","volume":"29","author":"Lathia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9392","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208311","article-title":"Isolation of cancer stem cells from adult glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"23","author":"Yuan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1601","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.566","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species-mediated therapeutic response and resistance in glioblastoma","volume":"6","author":"Singer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/12\/4\/491\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:42:02Z","timestamp":1760136122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/12\/4\/491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["biom12040491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom12040491","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]}}}