{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:33:22Z","timestamp":1793324002562,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]],"date-time":"2022-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, the study of metal complexes and metal-based nanomaterials has aroused particular interest, leading to the promotion of new effective systems for the abatement of various viral diseases. Starting from the analysis of chemical properties, this review focuses on the employment of metal-based nanoparticles as antiviral drugs and how this interaction leads to a substantial enhancement in antiviral activity. The use of metal-based antiviral drugs has also spread for the formulation of antiviral vaccines, thanks especially to the remarkable adjuvant activities of some of the metal complexes. In particular, the small size and inert nature of Au- and Ag-based nanoparticles have been exploited for the design of systems for antiviral drug delivery, leading to the development of specific and safe therapies that lead to a decrease in side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12070933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]],"date-time":"2022-07-03T22:50:46Z","timestamp":1656888646000},"page":"933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Metal-Based Compounds in Antiviral Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Abate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Carnamucio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8486-8733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ottavia","family":"Giuffr\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2649-7660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Foti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fluid.2013.07.033","article-title":"Study of the Ionic Equilibriums in Aqueous Solutions and Coordination Properties of Adefovir and Cidofovir Used as Antiviral Drug","volume":"356","author":"Atabey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equilibria"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crichton, R.R. (2020). An overview of the role of metals in biology. Practical Approaches to Biological Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64225-7.00001-8"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/205698a0","article-title":"Inhibition of Cell Division in Escherichia coli by Electrolysis Products from a Platinum Electrode","volume":"205","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1965","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2021.214104","article-title":"Advancement of metal compounds as therapeutic and diagnostic metallodrugs: Current frontiers and future perspectives","volume":"445","author":"Yousuf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-020-00818-0","article-title":"Nanotechnology-based antiviral therapeutics","volume":"11","author":"Chakravarty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roome, T., and Razzak, A. (2020). Clinical implications of metals-based drug-delivery systems. Metal Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Diagnostic Applications, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816960-5.00013-6"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Yue, L., Yang, Z., Miao, Y., Ouyang, R., and Hu, Y. (2021). Metal-Based Nanomaterials: Work as Drugs and Carriers against Viral Infections. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11082129"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16004","DOI":"10.1039\/D0DT02478C","article-title":"What is holding back the development of antiviral metallodrugs? A literature overview and implications for SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics and future viral outbreaks","volume":"49","author":"Neto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12598-021-01894-y","article-title":"Potential metal-related strategies for prevention and treatment of COVID-19","volume":"41","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rare Met."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2004.02.087","article-title":"Determination of Acid Dissociation Constants by Capillary Electrophoresis","volume":"1037","author":"Poole","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3838(200211)21:5<457::AID-QSAR457>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Estimation of Pka Using Semiempirical Molecular Orbital Methods. Part 1: Application to Phenols and Carboxylic Acids","volume":"21","author":"Tehan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Quant. Struct. Act. Relat."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalinowska, M., Sienkiewicz-Gromiuk, J., \u015awiderski, G., Pietryczuk, A., Cudowski, A., and Lewandowski, W. (2020). Zn(II) Complex of Plant Phenolic Chlorogenic Acid: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Structural Studies. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13173745"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709104","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.709104","article-title":"Drug Design Strategies for the Treatment of Viral Disease. Plant Phenolic Compounds and Their Derivatives","volume":"12","author":"Kowalczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"239","article-title":"Sofosbuvir as a Potential Option for the Treatment of COVID-19","volume":"91","author":"Nourian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2015.02.022","article-title":"Extent of Intramolecular \u03c0-stacks in Aqueous Solution in Mixed-Ligand Copper(II) Complexes Formed by Heteroaromatic Amines and the Anticancer and Antivirally Active 9-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)Ethyl]Guanine (Pmeg). A Comparison with Related Acyclic Nucleotide Analogues","volume":"103","author":"Blindauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1007\/s11243-006-0044-y","article-title":"Spectroscopic and analytic properties of new copper(II) complex of antiviral drug valacyclovir","volume":"31","author":"Golcu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transit. Met. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-017-0070-6","article-title":"Antiviral activity and metal ion-binding properties of some 2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl acylhydrazones","volume":"31","author":"Carcelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2014.09.019","article-title":"Acid\u2013base characterization, coordination properties towards copper(II) ions and DNA interaction studies of ribavirin, an antiviral drug","volume":"142","author":"Nagaj","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1021\/mp400482a","article-title":"Metal-Chelating 2 Hydroxyphenyl Amide Pharmacophore for Inhibition of Influenza Virus Endonuclease","volume":"11","author":"Carcelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2019.11.007","article-title":"Metalloimmunology: The metal ion-controlled immunity","volume":"145","author":"Wanga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2021.131486","article-title":"Cobalt complexes with biguanide derivatives\u2014Synthesis, structure and antiviral activity","volume":"1250","author":"Kirin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5104","DOI":"10.1021\/ic050341j","article-title":"Acid-Base and Metal-Ion-Binding Properties of 9-[2-(2-Phosphonoethoxy)Ethyl]Adenine (Peea), a Relative of the Antiviral Nucleotide Analogue 9-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)Ethyl]Adenine (Pmea). An Exercise on the Quantification of Isomeric Complex Equilibria in Solution","volume":"44","author":"Griesser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2021.214143","article-title":"Polyoxovanadates with emerging biomedical activities","volume":"447","author":"Aureliano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.7b00923","article-title":"Ibrutinib Polymorphs: Crystallographic Study","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2021.131261","article-title":"Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and in vitro antibacterial and antiviral activities of novel silver(I) complexes with mafenide and ethyl-mafenide","volume":"1246","author":"Esquezaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2020.1819236","article-title":"Metallo therapeutics for COVID-19. Exploiting metal-based compounds for the discovery of new antiviral drugs","volume":"16","author":"Cirri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NJ04578K","article-title":"Transition metal complexes as potential tools against SARS-CoV-2: An in silico approach","volume":"45","author":"Pal","year":"2021","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1039\/D0DT04066E","article-title":"The role of coordination compounds in virus research. Different approaches and trends","volume":"50","author":"Maldonado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2021.1939260","article-title":"Silver, copper and copper oxide nanoparticles in the fight against human viruses: Progress and perspectives, Critical Reviews in Biotechnology","volume":"42","author":"Tortella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2021.214276","article-title":"compounds as potential antiviral agents","volume":"451","author":"Luca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coord. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5906","DOI":"10.1039\/D0DT00283F","article-title":"ESI MS studies highlight the selective interaction of Auranofin with protein free thiols","volume":"49","author":"Zoppi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.0c00190","article-title":"A Role for Metal-Based Drugs in Fighting COVID-19 Infection? The Case of Auranofin","volume":"11","author":"Marzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2020.05.002","article-title":"The FDA-approved gold drug auranofin inhibits novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) replication and attenuates inflammation in human cells","volume":"547","author":"Rothan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2021.214254","article-title":"Exploring coordination preferences and biological applications of pyridyl-based organochalcogen (Se, Te) ligands","volume":"450","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cordination Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2021.108710","article-title":"Coordination metal complexes with Schiff bases: Useful pharmacophores with comprehensive biological applications","volume":"130","author":"Ghanghas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2022.115692","article-title":"Metal complexes with ONS donor Schiff bases","volume":"217","author":"Hossain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2021.214121","article-title":"Antimicrobial MOFs","volume":"446","author":"Pettinari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14985","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94388-x","article-title":"VALD 3, a Schif base ligand synthesized from o vanillin derivatives, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells by inhibiting theWnt\/\u03b2 catenin pathway","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2022.115890","article-title":"A concise review on cobalt Schiff base complexes as anticancer agents","volume":"222","author":"Kar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2021.120381","article-title":"Sensitization of nontoxic MOF for their potential drug delivery application against microbial infection","volume":"523","author":"Hasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaros, S.W., Kr\u00f3l, J., Ba\u017can\u00f3w, B., Poradowski, D., Chr\u00f3szcz, A., Nesterov, D.S., Kirillov, A.M., and Smole\u0144ski, P. (2020). Antiviral, Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Cytotoxic Silver(I) BioMOF Assembled from 1,3,5-Triaza-7-Phoshaadamantane and Pyromellitic Acid. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092119"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1504","article-title":"Biological properties of metal complexes of curcumin","volume":"45","author":"Shakeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2020.06.021","article-title":"Two Cu(II) coordination polymers: Photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction and treatment activity on influenza A virus infection by inducing IFITM expression","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyauchi, M., Sunada, K., and Hashimoto, K. (2020). Antiviral Effect pf Visible Light-Sensitive CuxO\/TiO2 Photocatalyst. Catalysts, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal10091093"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Metal based complexes against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"24","author":"Ioannou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-020-00242-1","article-title":"SARS-coronavirus-2 Nsp13 possesses NTPase and RNA helicase activities that can be inhibited by bismuth salts","volume":"35","author":"Shu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0751-0","article-title":"Nanotechnology-based disinfectants and sensors for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"15","author":"Talebian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2016.09.065","article-title":"Mixed-ligand complex formation of tenoxicam drug with some transition metal ions in presence of valine: Synthesis, characterization, molecular docking, potentiometric and evaluation of the humeral immune response of calves","volume":"223","author":"Mohamed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4973","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.4973","article-title":"Polymer complexes. LXXVII. Synthesis, characterization, spectroscopic studies and immune response in cattle of quinoline polymer complexes","volume":"33","author":"Sonbati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Organometal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sengupta, A., Azharuddin, M., Al-Otaibi, N., and Hinkula, J. (2022). Efficacy and Immune Response Elicited by Gold Nanoparticle- Based Nanovaccines against Infectious Diseases. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10040505"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"3926","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticles as a Vaccine Platform: Influence of Size and Shape on Immunological Responses In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"7","author":"Niikura","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACSNano"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1350","article-title":"Immunostimulatory Effect of Gold Nanoparticles Conjugated with Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus","volume":"151","author":"Staroverov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2021.102372","article-title":"Synthesis and immunogenicity assesment of a gold nanoparticle conjugate for the deivery of a peptide from SARS-CoV-2","volume":"34","author":"Palestino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12754","article-title":"Gold nanoparticle-adiuvanted S protein induces a strong antigen-specific-related coronavirus infection, but fails to induce protective antibodies and limit eosinophilic infiltration in lungs","volume":"64","author":"Sekimukai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.15.57","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles to improve HIV drug delivery","volume":"7","author":"Garrido","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195101","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/21\/19\/195101","article-title":"Assessment of gold nanoparticles as a size-dependent vaccine carrier for enhancing the antibody response against synthetic foot-and-mouth disease virus peptide","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600359","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201600359","article-title":"Gold Nanocarriers for Macrophage-Targeted Therapy of Human Immunodeficiency Virus","volume":"17","author":"Zazo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.066084-0","article-title":"Delivery of antiviral small interfering RNA with gold nanoparticles inhibits dengue virus infection in vitro","volume":"95","author":"Paul","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2608","article-title":"Porous metal\u2013organic-framework nanoscale carriers as a potential platform for drug delivery and imaging","volume":"9","author":"Horcajada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles with accessible nickel as a vaccine delivery system for single and multiple his-tagged HIV antigens","volume":"1","author":"Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2021.110753","article-title":"Nanomedicine formulations for respiratory infections by inhalation delivery: COVID-19 and beyond","volume":"159","author":"Zachar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3409","article-title":"Key roles of adjuvants in modern vaccines","volume":"19","author":"Reed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2021.105718","article-title":"Iron nanoparticles as novel vaccine adjuvants","volume":"159","author":"Behzadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2020.1758070","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles for preparation of antibodies and vaccines against infectious diseases","volume":"19","author":"Dykman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1039\/C6SC03631G","article-title":"Immunological properties of gold nanoparticles","volume":"8","author":"Dykman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-020-02853-w","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles enhance immune responses in mice against recombinant classical swine fever virus E2 protein","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"239","article-title":"Role of Metallic Nanoparticles in Vaccinology: Implications for Infectious Disease Vaccine Development","volume":"8","author":"Neto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.09.030","article-title":"Golden-star nanoparticles as adjuvant effectively promotes immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles vaccine","volume":"36","author":"Teng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1021\/bc8003155","article-title":"Immobilization of His-tagged proteins on nickel-chelating nanolipoprotein particles","volume":"20","author":"Fischer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2022.126977","article-title":"Antiviral potential of nanoparticles for the treatment of Coronavirus infections","volume":"72","author":"Sarkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02414-2","article-title":"Metal Nanoparticles: A Promising Treatment for Viral and Arboviral Infections","volume":"199","author":"Maduray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tortella, G., Rubilar, O., Fincheira, P., Pieretti, J.C., Duran, P., Louren\u00e7o, I., and Seabra, A.B. (2021). Bactericidal and Virucidal Activities of Biogenic Metal-Based Nanoparticles: Advances and Perspectives. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070783"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.10.059","article-title":"Bioactivity of noble metal nanoparticles decorated with biopolymers and their application in drug delivery","volume":"496","author":"Rai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6487","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-021-01815-4","article-title":"Metal doped fullerene complexes as promising drug delivery materials against COVID-19","volume":"75","author":"Bibi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Pap."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/12\/7\/933\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:42:20Z","timestamp":1760139740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/12\/7\/933"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["biom12070933"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom12070933","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]]}}}