{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:27:34Z","timestamp":1793039254931,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondation Saint-Luc"},{"name":"AstraZeneca"},{"name":"Salus Sanguinis Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Neutrophil extracellular traps\u2019 (NETs\u2019) formation is a mechanism of defense that neutrophils deploy as an alternative to phagocytosis, to constrain the spread of microorganisms. Aim: The aim was to evaluate biomarkers of NETs\u2019 formation in a patient cohort admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) due to infection. Methods: Forty-six septic shock patients, 22 critical COVID-19 patients and 48 matched control subjects were recruited. Intact nucleosomes containing histone 3.1 (Nu.H3.1), or citrullinated histone H3R8 (Nu.Cit-H3R8), free citrullinated histone (Cit-H3), neutrophil elastase (NE) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured. Results: Significant differences in Nu.H3.1 and NE levels were observed between septic shock and critical COVID-19 subjects as well as with controls (p-values &lt; 0.05). The normalization of nucleosome levels according to the neutrophil count improved the discrimination between septic shock and critical COVID-19 patients. The ratio of Nu.Cit-H3R8 to Nu.H3.1 allowed the determination of nucleosome citrullination degree, presumably by PAD4. Conclusions: H3.1 and Cit-H3R8 nucleosomes appear to be interesting markers of global cell death and neutrophil activation when combined. Nu.H3.1 permits the evaluation of disease severity and differs between septic shock and critical COVID-19 patients, reflecting two distinct potential pathological processes in these conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T21:11:05Z","timestamp":1658956265000},"page":"1038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["NETosis and Nucleosome Biomarkers in Septic Shock and Critical COVID-19 Patients: An Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9195-304X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laure","family":"Morimont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Qualiblood s.a., 5000 Namur, Belgium"},{"name":"Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Dechamps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Intensive Care, Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"P\u00f4le de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique (IREC), Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Qualiblood s.a., 5000 Namur, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Bouvy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Qualiblood s.a., 5000 Namur, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4151-9760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constant","family":"Gillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Haguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Favresse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St Luc Bouge, 5004 Namur, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorian","family":"Ronvaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium"},{"name":"Belgian Volition SRL, Parc Scientifique Crealys, 5032 Isnes, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Candiracci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belgian Volition SRL, Parc Scientifique Crealys, 5032 Isnes, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1311-101X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marielle","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belgian Volition SRL, Parc Scientifique Crealys, 5032 Isnes, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Laterre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Intensive Care, Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"De Poortere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique (IREC), Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Horman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique (IREC), Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Beauloye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique (IREC), Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Cliniques Universitaires St Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7644-5298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Douxfils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Qualiblood s.a., 5000 Namur, Belgium"},{"name":"Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.105","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease","volume":"18","author":"Papayannopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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