{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:49:55Z","timestamp":1791352195584,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]],"date-time":"2022-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Galectins are a family of proteins with an affinity for \u03b2-galactosides that have roles in neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. Several studies indicate that patients with neurodegenerative diseases have alterations in the concentration of galectins in their blood and brain. However, the results of the studies are contradictory; hence, a meta-analysis is performed to clarify whether patients with neurodegenerative diseases have elevated galectin levels compared to healthy individuals. Related publications are obtained from the databases: PubMed, Central-Conchrane, Web of Science database, OVID-EMBASE, Scope, and EBSCO host until February 2022. A pooled standard mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) is calculated by fixed-effect or random-effect model analysis. In total, 17 articles are included in the meta-analysis with a total of 905 patients. Patients with neurodegenerative diseases present a higher level of galectin expression compared to healthy individuals (MDS = 0.70, 95% CI 0.28\u20131.13, p = 0.001). In the subgroup analysis by galectin type, a higher galectin-3 expression is observed in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALD), and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) expressed higher levels of galectin-3. Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have higher levels of galectin-9. In conclusion, our meta-analysis shows that patients with neurovegetative diseases have higher galectin levels compared to healthy individuals. Galectin levels are associated with the type of disease, sample, detection technique, and region of origin of the patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]],"date-time":"2022-07-31T21:49:02Z","timestamp":1659304142000},"page":"1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Association between Galectin Levels and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3985-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Ramos-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Coyoac\u00e1n 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3575-8722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Ramos-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Coyoac\u00e1n 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8201-9669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Betancourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Coyoac\u00e1n 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Ramos-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Cardiolog\u00eda, Hospital General Regional Lic Ignacio Garcia Tellez IMSS, Cuauht\u00e9moc 97150, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2982-1315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheila Irais","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Corona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Coyoac\u00e1n 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1832-8341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Endocrinolog\u00eda, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Cuauht\u00e9moc 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5167-6156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Saucedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Endocrinolog\u00eda, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Cuauht\u00e9moc 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ericka Karol Pamela","family":"Almeida-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Coyoac\u00e1n 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Cerb\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n en Reproducci\u00f3n Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda \u201cIsidro Espinosa de los Reyes\u201d\u2014Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24805","article-title":"Glycoproteins as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Glycoproteomic Approach","volume":"99","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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