{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T05:03:58Z","timestamp":1762059838939,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research and Researchers for Industries (RRi)","award":["PHD62I0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD62I0008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic nephropathy is currently the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in type 2 diabetes. Studies have suggested that supplementation with some fatty acids might reduce the risk and delay the progression to ESRD in patient with chronic kidney disease. Crocodile oil (CO) contains a variety of fatty acids, especially omega-3, -6 and -9, that have been reported to be beneficial to human health. This study examined the impact of long-term CO supplementation on the development of diabetic nephropathy in spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rats. After diabetic verification, SDT rats were assigned to receive vehicle or CO at 500 and 1000 mg\/kg BW, respectively, by oral gavage. Age-matched nondiabetic Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were given vehicle or high-dose CO. After 28 weeks of intervention, CO failed to improve hyperglycemia and pancreatic histopathological changes in SDT rats. Unexpectedly, CO dose-dependently exacerbated the impairment of kidney and mitochondrial functions caused by diabetes. CO also disturbed the expressions of proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, and mitophagy. However, no significant alterations were observed in nondiabetic rats receiving high-dose CO. The findings reveal that CO has deleterious effects that aggravate diabetic kidney injury via disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis, possibly due to its improper omega-6: omega-3 ratio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T21:41:37Z","timestamp":1659476497000},"page":"1068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Crocodile Oil Disrupts Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Exacerbates Diabetic Kidney Injury in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Thiri","family":"Wai Linn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Exercise Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anongporn","family":"Kobroob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology, School of Medical Science, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Metas","family":"Ngernjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doungporn","family":"Amornlerdpison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Agricultural Innovation for Graduate Entrepreneur, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5439-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narissara","family":"Lailerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Exercise Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8535-3870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orawan","family":"Wongmekiat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Renal Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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