{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:05:11Z","timestamp":1790661911344,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science Technology","award":["108-2313-B-033-001-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2313-B-033-001-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science Technology","award":["108-2622-B-033-001-CC2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2622-B-033-001-CC2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>p-Toluene sulfonamide (p-TSA), a small molecular drug with antineoplastic activity is widely gaining interest from researchers because of its pharmacological activities. In this study, we explored the potential cardio and neural toxicity of p-TSA in sublethal concentrations by using zebrafish as an in vivo animal model. Based on the acute toxicity assay, the 96hr LC50 was estimated as 204.3 ppm, suggesting the overall toxicity of p-TSA is relatively low in zebrafish larvae. For the cardiotoxicity test, we found that p-TSA caused only a minor alteration in treated larvae after no overall significant alterations were observed in cardiac rhythm and cardiac physiology parameters, as supported by the results from expression level measurements of several cardiac development marker genes. On the other hand, we found that acute p-TSA exposure significantly increased the larval locomotion activity during the photomotor test while prolonged exposure (4 days) reduced the locomotor startle reflex activities in zebrafish. In addition, a higher respiratory rate and blood flow velocity was also observed in the acutely treated fish groups compared to the untreated group. Finally, by molecular docking, we found that p-TSA has a moderate binding affinity to skeletal muscle myosin II subfragment 1 (S1), ATPase activity, actin- and Ca2+-stimulated myosin S1 ATPase, and v-type proton ATPase. These binding interactions between p-TSA and proteins offer insights into the potential molecular mechanism of action of p-TSA on observed altered responses toward photo and vibration stimuli and minor altered vascular performance in the zebrafish larvae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T09:46:24Z","timestamp":1660124784000},"page":"1103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Toxicity Assessment of an Anti-Cancer Drug of p-Toluene Sulfonamide in Zebrafish Larvae Based on Cardiovascular and Locomotion Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Andrew Yau Wah","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Audira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5715-9827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferry","family":"Saputra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honeymae C.","family":"Alos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlaine A.","family":"Aventurado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Heng","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5906-9710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross D.","family":"Vasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Research Center for Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6398-8672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung-Der","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center for Aquatic Toxicology and Pharmacology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 320314, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Hsin","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.1598","article-title":"Quantitative determination of trace concentrations of tetracycline and sulfonamide antibiotics in surface water using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography\/ion trap tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. 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