{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:29:25Z","timestamp":1790116165121,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accumulating data suggests that catestatin, an eclectic neuroendocrine peptide, is involved in the pathophysiology of primary hypertension (PH). Nevertheless, clinical studies concerning its role in PH are still scarce. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to explore an association between serum catestatin levels, ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness in patients with PH and healthy controls. In this single-center study, 72 patients aged 40\u201370 diagnosed with PH, and 72 healthy controls were included. In patients with PH, serum catestatin concentrations were significantly higher in comparison to the healthy controls (29.70 (19.33\u201349.48) ng\/mL vs. 5.83 (4.21\u20138.29) ng\/mL, p &lt; 0.001). Untreated patients had significantly higher serum catestatin than patients treated with antihypertensive drugs (41.61 (22.85\u201363.83) ng\/mL vs. 24.77 (16.41\u201340.21) ng\/mL, p = 0.005). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that serum catestatin levels retained a significant association with mean arterial pressure (\u03b2 \u00b1 standard error, 0.8123 \u00b1 0.3037, p &lt; 0.009) after model adjustments for age, sex and body mass index. Finally, catestatin levels positively correlated with pulse wave velocity (r = 0.496, p &lt; 0.001) and central augmentation index (r = 0.441, p &lt; 0.001), but not with peripheral resistance. In summary, increased serum catestatin concentration in PH, predominantly in the untreated subgroup, and its association with ambulatory BP and arterial stiffness address the role of this peptide in PH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12091204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T21:25:18Z","timestamp":1661894718000},"page":"1204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Serum Catestatin Levels Correlate with Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Indices of Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Primary Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9696-3359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Kumric","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josip","family":"Vrdoljak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goran","family":"Dujic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5584-3182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Supe-Domic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Ticinovic Kurir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeljko","family":"Dujic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1634-0635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josko","family":"Bozic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.19043","article-title":"Global Burden of Hypertension and Systolic Blood Pressure of at Least 110 to 115 mm Hg, 1990\u20132015","volume":"317","author":"Forouzanfar","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18014","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.14","article-title":"Hypertension","volume":"4","author":"Oparil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00026.2016","article-title":"The Hypertension Pandemic: An Evolutionary Perspective","volume":"32","author":"Rossier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7291.912","article-title":"ABC of hypertension: The pathophysiology of hypertension","volume":"322","author":"Beevers","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-020-01094-6","article-title":"Renal Denervation for Resistant Hypertension: Where Do We Stand?","volume":"22","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.05.012","article-title":"Impact of renal denervation on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure: Results from SYMPLICITY HTN-3","volume":"64","author":"Bakris","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03449","article-title":"Arterial stiffness and hypertension: Chicken or egg?","volume":"64","author":"Mitchell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.155","article-title":"Arterial stiffness as a risk factor for clinical hypertension","volume":"15","author":"Safar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpv107","article-title":"Hypertension, Diabetes Type II, and Their Association: Role of Arterial Stiffness","volume":"29","author":"Smulyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004271","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004271","article-title":"Relative Contributions of Arterial Stiffness and Hypertension to Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"5","author":"Niiranen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0867-x","article-title":"Arterial Stiffness in Hypertension: An Update","volume":"20","author":"Dumor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozic, J., Kumric, M., Ticinovic Kurir, T., Urlic, H., Martinovic, D., Vilovic, M., Tomasovic Mrcela, N., and Borovac, J.A. (2021). Catestatin as a Biomarker of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Clinical Perspective. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9121757"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.104.002139","article-title":"The catecholamine release-inhibitory \u201ccatestatin\u201d fragment of chromogranin a: Naturally occurring human variants with different potencies for multiple chromaffin cell nicotinic cholinergic responses","volume":"66","author":"Mahata","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"214","article-title":"Role of catestatin in 2K1C-induced renal hypertension in rats and the underlying mechanism","volume":"32","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.202127","article-title":"Novel peptide isomer strategy for stable inhibition of catecholamine release: Application to hypertension","volume":"60","author":"Biswas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24354","article-title":"Hypertension from targeted ablation of chromogranin A can be rescued by the human ortholog","volume":"115","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32058","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M305545200","article-title":"Catecholamine secretory vesicle stimulus-transcription coupling in vivo. Demonstration by a novel transgenic promoter\/photoprotein reporter and inhibition of secretion and transcription by the chromogranin A fragment catestatin","volume":"278","author":"Mahata","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339","article-title":"2018 ESC\/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200207000-00020","article-title":"Early decline in the catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide catestatin in humans at genetic risk of hypertension","volume":"20","author":"Kailasam","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3812","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07735-x","article-title":"Serum catestatin levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"12","author":"Simac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"549","article-title":"Serum catestatin concentrations are decreased in obese children and adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Simunovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.709105","article-title":"Heritability and genome-wide linkage in US and australian twins identify novel genomic regions controlling chromogranin a: Implications for secretion and blood pressure","volume":"118","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.5152\/akd.2014.5536","article-title":"The relationship of plasma catestatin concentrations with metabolic and vascular parameters in untreated hypertensive patients: Influence on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol","volume":"15","author":"Ayaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anatol. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.12.025","article-title":"Decreased circulating catestatin levels are associated with coronary artery disease: The emerging anti-inflammatory role","volume":"281","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0b013e328346c142","article-title":"Plasma catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide catestatin in patients with essential hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Meng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0b013e328348d925","article-title":"An endogenous brake on the sympathetic nervous system: The emerging role of catestatin in hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Schillaci","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2021.1873922","article-title":"Serum catestatin level is increased in women with preeclampsia","volume":"42","author":"Hamzaoglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehab724.2280","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab724.2280","article-title":"Catestatin in patients with essential hypertension of different cardiovascular risk","volume":"42","author":"Gubareva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.4.1173","article-title":"Effects of chronic ACE inhibition on sympathetic nerve traffic and baroreflex control of circulation in heart failure","volume":"96","author":"Grassi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R410","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00095.2017","article-title":"Acute effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition versus angiotensin II receptor blockade on cardiac sympathetic activity in patients with heart failure","volume":"313","author":"Azevedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001295","article-title":"Relationship between left ventricular mass and blood pressure in treated hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Missault","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(98)00086-2","article-title":"Mechanism of cardiovascular actions of the chromogranin A fragment catestatin in vivo","volume":"19","author":"Kennedy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvn155","article-title":"Catestatin is a novel endogenous peptide that regulates cardiac function and blood pressure","volume":"80","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3109\/10641960903265246","article-title":"Direct vasoactive effects of the chromogranin A (CHGA) peptide catestatin in humans in vivo","volume":"32","author":"Fung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.5.2920","article-title":"Desensitization of catecholamine release: The novel catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide catestatin (chromogranin A344-364) acts at the receptor to prevent nicotinic cholinergic tolerance","volume":"274","author":"Mahata","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zivkovic, P.M., Matetic, A., Tadin Hadjina, I., Rusic, D., Vilovic, M., Supe-Domic, D., Borovac, J.A., Mudnic, I., Tonkic, A., and Bozic, J. (2020). Serum Catestatin Levels and Arterial Stiffness Parameters Are Increased in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030628"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007971","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007971","article-title":"Evidence for Pressure-Independent Sympathetic Modulation of Central Pulse Wave Velocity","volume":"7","author":"Nardone","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1205","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.4.H1205","article-title":"Age-associated arterial wall thickening is related to elevations in sympathetic activity in healthy humans","volume":"278","author":"Dinenno","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr2050w","article-title":"Left ventricular diastolic function in hypertension: Methodological considerations and clinical implications","volume":"7","author":"Palmiero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Res."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/12\/9\/1204\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:20:34Z","timestamp":1760142034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/12\/9\/1204"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["biom12091204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom12091204","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]}}}