{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T06:48:42Z","timestamp":1781765322247,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amiodarone-associated optic neuropathy (AAON) is a complex clinical diagnosis, requiring distinction from non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) due to a shared at-risk patient population. Diagnosis of AAON is complicated by a varied clinical presentation and incomplete pathophysiologic mechanisms. This article reviews pertinent literature for describing and clinically delineating AAON from NAION, as well as newly reported protective mechanisms of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and PI3K\/Akt against amiodarone-induced oxidative and apoptotic injury in retinal ganglion and pigment epithelial cells. These studies offer a basis for exploring mechanisms of amiodarone toxicity in the optic nerve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12091298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T20:50:45Z","timestamp":1663188645000},"page":"1298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Clinical and Mechanistic Review of Amiodarone-Associated Optic Neuropathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Reece","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Chacko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wno.0000177290.09649.38","article-title":"Amiodarone and optic neuropathy: The heart of the matter","volume":"25","author":"Murphy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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