{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:13:47Z","timestamp":1781712827802,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Society of Jane and Aatos Erkko","award":["T59127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T59127"]}]},{"name":"the Society of Jane and Aatos Erkko","award":["K77729"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K77729"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Government Research Funds allocated to the University Hospital of Oulu","award":["T59127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T59127"]}]},{"name":"Finnish Government Research Funds allocated to the University Hospital of Oulu","award":["K77729"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K77729"]}]},{"name":"the University of Oulu Scholarship Foundation","award":["T59127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T59127"]}]},{"name":"the University of Oulu Scholarship Foundation","award":["K77729"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K77729"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metformin and statin use have been associated with an improved prognosis for colorectal cancer in persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Data regarding rectal cancer (RC) have been inconclusive; therefore, we investigated the issue with high-quality data and a robust study design. We identified 1271 eligible patients with T2D and incident RC between 1998 and 2011 from the Diabetes in Finland (FinDM) database. Cox models were fitted for cause-specific mortality rates to obtain adjusted estimates of the hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) in relation to use of antidiabetic medication (ADM) and statins before the RC diagnosis and for post-diagnostic use in a time-dependent exposure manner. No sufficient evidence was found for either pre- or post-diagnostic metformin use and RC mortality (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.67\u20131.38, and 0.70, 95% CI 0.45\u20131.10, respectively) when compared to other oral ADMs. Both pre- and post-diagnostic statin use appeared to be inversely associated with mortality from RC (HR 0.77 95% CI 0.63\u20130.94, and 0.57, 95% CI 0.42\u20130.78, respectively). Our study was inconclusive as to the association of metformin use with the prognosis of RC, but statin use was found to predict reduced mortality, both from RC and from other causes of death in persons with T2D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12091301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T22:11:10Z","timestamp":1663279870000},"page":"1301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Association of Metformin, Other Antidiabetic Medications and Statins on the Prognosis of Rectal Cancer in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2538-2941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami","family":"Erkinantti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari","family":"Hautakoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, P.O. Box 23, 90029 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6268-8117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reijo","family":"Sund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1647-4783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martti","family":"Arffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Welfare Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Urpilainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, P.O. Box 23, 90029 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulla","family":"Puistola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, P.O. Box 23, 90029 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esa","family":"L\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arja","family":"Jukkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Tampere University Hospital, Cancer Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, P.O. Box 2000, 33521 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peeter","family":"Karihtala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center and University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 180, 00029 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. 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