{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:37:36Z","timestamp":1783705056055,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. To evaluate the association between anti-phosphatidylethanolamine (aPE) and anti-phosphatidylserine (aPS) antibodies and cardiovascular risk, organ involvement and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Methods. We studied 93 SLE patients and 30 controls. We analyzed levels of anti-phospholipid antibodies, including aPS and aPE, the profiles of antinuclear, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic (ANCA) and anti-endothelial antibodies, carotid intima-media thickness (cITM) and atherosclerotic plaque presence, ankle-brachial and high resistance indices, atherosclerotic risk factors, organ manifestations and treatment. Results. Levels of aPS and aPE were significantly higher in SLE patients in comparison with the controls (p = 0.038 and p = 0.044, respectively). aPS was associated with the risk of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon (p = 0.021) development. aPE increased the risk of renal involvement (p = 0.049), cerebral stroke (p = 0.050), high vlues of cIMT (p = 0.041) development as well as occurrence of selected serological markers associated with activity of the disease such as anti-double stranded DNA (p = 0.021). The long duration of regular smoking (p = 0.021) and the high number of cigarettes\/day (p = 0.015) were significantly associated with the risk of aPE occurrence. Conclusions. Patients with aPS and aPE are at risk of vascular involvement. Especially the presence of aPE may significantly increase the risk of thrombotic complications development in SLE patients without classical serological markers of APS. Finally, aPE might be used as a marker of disease activity and risk of renal injury development in this patient group. The classical atherosclerotic markers including lipid indices play an important role in complex analysis of cardiovascular risk in lupus patients and enable to identify patients at the highest risk and implement effective preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T21:12:53Z","timestamp":1663708373000},"page":"1328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Anti-Phosphatidylethanolamine and Anti-Phosphatidylserine Antibodies\u2014Association with Renal Involvement, Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular Manifestations, Raynaud Phenomenon and Disease Activity in Polish Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Individual Laboratory for Rheumatologic Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6727-2594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Przepiera-B\u0119dzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Internal Medicine, Geriatrics and Clinical Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Brzosko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Individual Laboratory for Rheumatologic Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Sawicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Diagnostics and Interventional Radiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Walecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Diagnostics and Interventional Radiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Brzosko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Internal Medicine, Geriatrics and Clinical Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40930","article-title":"2019 European League Against Rheumatism\/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"71","author":"Aringer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203306070007","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus: Genes versus environment in high risk populations","volume":"15","author":"Molokhia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"176","article-title":"The genetic contribution to systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"66","author":"Criswell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. 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