{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:12:32Z","timestamp":1784131952257,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PRIN Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR)","award":["PRIN 2017ATZ2YK_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2017ATZ2YK_003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays have become the gold standard for diagnosing acute and chronic myocardial injury. The detection of troponin levels beyond the 99th percentile is included in the fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction, specifically recommending the use of sex-specific thresholds. Measurable concentrations below the proposed diagnostic thresholds have been shown to inform prognosis in different categories of inpatients and outpatients. However, clinical investigations from the last twenty years have yielded conflicting results regarding the incremental value of using different cut-offs for men and women. While advocates of a sex-specific approach claim it may help reduce gender bias in cardiovascular medicine, particularly in acute coronary syndromes, other groups question the alleged incremental diagnostic and prognostic value of sex-specific thresholds, ultimately asserting that less is more. In the present review, we aimed to synthesize our current understanding of sex-based differences in cardiac troponin levels and to reappraise the available evidence with regard to (i) the prognostic significance of sex-specific diagnostic thresholds of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays compared to common cut-offs in both men and women undergoing cardiovascular disease risk assessment, and (ii) the clinical utility of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays for cardiovascular disease prevention in women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T21:11:51Z","timestamp":1666041111000},"page":"1496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prognostic Value of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin in Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4606-3093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giandomenico","family":"Bisaccia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MIUR Department of Excellence, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1401-6623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIUR Department of Excellence, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, E-205 02 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Y.","family":"Khanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newham University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Glen Road, Plaistow, London E13 8SL, UK"},{"name":"Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London EC1A 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8761-7390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Gaggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reprogramming and Cell Differentiation Lab, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8388-9305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Di Credico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reprogramming and Cell Differentiation Lab, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0263-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Gallina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIUR Department of Excellence, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4473-4909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Di Baldassarre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reprogramming and Cell Differentiation Lab, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3529-2790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Ghinassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reprogramming and Cell Differentiation Lab, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network (2021). 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