{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:45:58Z","timestamp":1791585958287,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["PID2020-112713RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-112713RB-C21"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["LCF\/PR\/PR13\/51080005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/PR\/PR13\/51080005"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n La Caixa","award":["PID2020-112713RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-112713RB-C21"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n La Caixa","award":["LCF\/PR\/PR13\/51080005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/PR\/PR13\/51080005"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Roviralta and Ubesol","award":["PID2020-112713RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-112713RB-C21"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Roviralta and Ubesol","award":["LCF\/PR\/PR13\/51080005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/PR\/PR13\/51080005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The complement system exerts crucial functions both in innate immune responses and adaptive humoral immunity. This pivotal system plays a major role dealing with pathogen invasions including protozoan parasites. Different pathogens including parasites have developed sophisticated strategies to defend themselves against complement killing. Some of these strategies include the employment, mimicking or inhibition of host\u2019s complement regulatory proteins, leading to complement evasion. Therefore, parasites are proven to use the manipulation of the complement system to assist them during infection and persistence. Herein, we attempt to study the interaction\u00b4s mechanisms of some prominent infectious protozoan parasites including Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania dealing with the complement system. Moreover, several crucial proteins that are expressed, recruited or hijacked by parasites and are involved in the modulation of the host\u00b4s complement system are selected and their role for efficient complement killing or lysis evasion is discussed. In addition, parasite\u2019s complement regulatory proteins appear as plausible therapeutic and vaccine targets in protozoan parasitic infections. Accordingly, we also suggest some perspectives and insights useful in guiding future investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T07:17:48Z","timestamp":1666768668000},"page":"1564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Defensive Interactions of Prominent Infectious Protozoan Parasites: The Host\u2019s Complement System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4675-7274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajad","family":"Rashidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein 38811, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein 38811, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Mansouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd 8915173143, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ali-Hassanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft 7861615765, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0244-4740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Muro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2193-7316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Nguewa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, ISTUN Institute of Tropical Health, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), University of Navarra, C\/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5066-9496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Manzano-Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Group (e-INTRO), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Research Center for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kellermann, M., Scharte, F., and Hensel, M. 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