{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:40:43Z","timestamp":1790278843022,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01AR077432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AR077432"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The primary cilium is a solitary, sensory organelle that extends from the surface of nearly every vertebrate cell, including craniofacial cells. This organelle converts chemical and physical external stimuli into intracellular signaling cascades and mediates several well-known signaling pathways simultaneously. Thus, the primary cilium is considered a cellular signaling nexus and amplifier. Primary cilia dysfunction directly results in a collection of diseases and syndromes that typically affect multiple organ systems, including the face and teeth. Despite this direct connection, primary cilia are largely unexplored in craniofacial research. In this review, I briefly summarize craniofacial abnormalities tied to the primary cilium and examine the existing information on primary cilia in craniofacial development and repair. I close with a discussion on preliminary studies that motivate future areas of exploration that are further supported by studies performed in long bone and kidney cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12121724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T08:25:28Z","timestamp":1669105528000},"page":"1724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Primary Cilia: The New Face of Craniofacial Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5141-0550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily R.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105781","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020105781","article-title":"IFT54 directly interacts with kinesin-II and IFT dynein to regulate anterograde intraflagellar transport","volume":"40","author":"Xin","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvx087","article-title":"Ciliary protein trafficking mediated by IFT and BBSome complexes with the aid of kinesin-2 and dynein-2 motors","volume":"163","author":"Nakayama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.20728","article-title":"The Emerging Face of Primary Cilia","volume":"49","author":"Zaghloul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33727","article-title":"Craniofacial Ciliopathies: A New Classification for Craniofacial Disorders","volume":"152A","author":"Brugmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-021-0829-6","article-title":"Primary Cilia in Hard Tissue Development and Diseases","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawlaczyk-Kamie\u0144ska, T., Winiarska, H., Kulczyk, T., and Cofta, S. (2020). Dental Anomalies in Rare, Genetic Ciliopathic Disorder\u2013A Case Report and Review of Literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124337"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517713688","article-title":"Role of Primary Cilia in Odontogenesis","volume":"96","author":"Hampl","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.04.012","article-title":"Cranioectodermal Dysplasia, Sensenbrenner Syndrome, Is a Ciliopathy Caused by Mutations in the IFT122 Gene","volume":"86","author":"Eggenschwiler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq030","article-title":"A Primary Cilia-Dependent Etiology for Midline Facial Disorders","volume":"19","author":"Brugmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.F., Kowal, T.J., Ning, K., Koo, E.B., Wu, A.Y., Mahajan, V.B., and Sun, Y. (2018). Review of Ocular Manifestations of Joubert Syndrome. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9120605"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2008.06.023","article-title":"Mutations in the Cilia Gene ARL13B Lead to the Classical Form of Joubert Syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Cantagrel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-012-0951-2","article-title":"Joubert Syndrome: Brain and Spinal Cord Malformations in Genotyped Cases and Implications for Neurodevelopmental Functions of Primary Cilia","volume":"123","author":"Adkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516652383","article-title":"Primary Cilia and Intraflagellar Transport Proteins in Bone and Cartilage","volume":"95","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.60","article-title":"Genes and Molecular Pathways Underpinning Ciliopathies","volume":"18","author":"Reiter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.12.016","article-title":"Primary Cilia in the Pathogenesis of Dentigerous Cyst: A New Hypothesis Based on Role of Primary Cilia in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease","volume":"111","author":"Anoop","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.152198","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study of polycystin-1 in dentigerous cysts","volume":"25","author":"Rooban","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13630-015-0017-x","article-title":"Non-Invasive Sources of Cells with Primary Cilia from Pediatric and Adult Patients","volume":"4","author":"Ajzenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cilia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellbi.2003.11.006","article-title":"Odontoblast Primary Cilia: Facts and Hypotheses","volume":"28","author":"Magloire","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509345822","article-title":"Primary Cilia of Odontoblasts: Possible Role in Molar Morphogenesis","volume":"88","author":"Couble","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.027979","article-title":"Primary Cilia Regulate Shh Activity in the Control of Molar Tooth Number","volume":"136","author":"Ohazama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.27231","article-title":"Ciliary IFT80 Regulates Dental Pulp Stem Cells Differentiation by FGF\/FGFR1 and Hh\/BMP2 Signaling","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510391797","article-title":"Sonic Hedgehog Stimulates Proliferation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells","volume":"90","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0951-9","article-title":"IFT80 Is Required for Stem Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, and Odontoblast Polarization during Tooth Development","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.37.207","article-title":"Developmental Changes in Primary Cilia in the Mouse Tooth Germ and Oral Cavity","volume":"37","author":"Hisamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"860","article-title":"Intraflagellar Transport 88 (IFT88) Is Crucial for Craniofacial Development in Mice and Is a Candidate Gene for Human Cleft Lip and Palate","volume":"26","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2014.05.025","article-title":"Expression of Ki-67, Oct-4, \u03b3-Tubulin and \u03b1-Tubulin in Human Tooth Development","volume":"59","author":"Kero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dosedelov\u00e1, H., Dumkov\u00e1, J., Lesot, H., Glocov\u00e1, K., Kunov\u00e1, M., Tucker, A.S., Vesel\u00e1, I., Krej\u010d\u00ed, P., Tich\u00fd, F., and Hampl, A. (2015). Fate of the Molar Dental Lamina in the Monophyodont Mouse. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127543"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.279","article-title":"An Essential Role for Dermal Primary Cilia in Hair Follicle Morphogenesis","volume":"129","author":"Lehman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1597\/15-178","article-title":"Cleft Palate and Aglossia Result from Perturbations in Wnt and Hedgehog Signaling","volume":"54","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cleft Palate. Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ift88 Regulates Enamel Formation via Involving Shh Signaling","volume":"00","author":"Kudo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517741283","article-title":"Essential Role of IFT140 in Promoting Dentinogenesis","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514528211","article-title":"Primary Cilia Integrate Hedgehog and Wnt Signaling during Tooth Development","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00410","article-title":"Epithelial-Mesenchymal Signalling Regulating Tooth Morphogenesis","volume":"116","author":"Thesleff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1670","article-title":"Kif3a Constrains \u03b2-Catenin-Dependent Wnt Signalling through Dual Ciliary and Non-Ciliary Mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Corbit","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32770","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32770","article-title":"KIF3A Binds to \u03b2-Arrestin for Suppressing Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signalling Independently of Primary Cilia in Lung Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21515","article-title":"The Oak Ridge Polycystic Kidney Mouse: Modeling Ciliopathies of Mice and Men","volume":"237","author":"Lehman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.09.033","article-title":"IFT20 is critical for collagen biosynthesis in craniofacial bone formation","volume":"533","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2589","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1519458113","article-title":"Canonical and noncanonical intraflagellar transport regulates craniofacial skeletal development","volume":"113","author":"Noda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1684","article-title":"Oral-facial-digital type I protein is required for primary cilia formation and left-right axis specification","volume":"38","author":"Ferrante","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Gen."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13630-017-0050-z","article-title":"Basal body positioning and anchoring in the multiciliated cell Paramecium tetraurelia: Roles of OFD1 and VFL3","volume":"6","author":"Bengueddach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cilia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50434","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.50434","article-title":"ARL13B regulates Sonic hedgehog signaling from outside primary cilia","volume":"9","author":"Gigante","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13833","article-title":"The Role of IFT140 in Early Bone Healing of Tooth Extraction Sockets","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345221086858","article-title":"CGRP and Shh Mediate the Dental Pulp Cell Response to Neuron Stimulation","volume":"101","author":"Moore","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115738","article-title":"Prx1-Expressing Cells Contributing to Fracture Repair Require Primary Cilia for Complete Healing in Mice","volume":"143","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3094154","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3094154","article-title":"Prx1-Expressing Progenitor Primary Cilia Mediate Bone Formation in Response to Mechanical Loading in Mice","volume":"2019","author":"Moore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-240432","article-title":"Adenylyl Cyclase 6 Mediates Loading-Induced Bone Adaptation in Vivo","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Temiyasathit, S., Tang, W.J., Leucht, P., Anderson, C.T., Monica, S.D., Castillo, A.B., Helms, J.A., Stearns, T., and Jacobs, C.R. (2012). Mechanosensing by the Primary Cilium: Deletion of Kif3A Reduces Bone Formation Due to Loading. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033368"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v033a12","article-title":"Lengthening Primary Cilia Enhances Cellular Mechanosensitivity","volume":"33","author":"Spasic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Cells Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4536","article-title":"Fenoldopam Sensitizes Primary Cilia-Mediated Mechanosensing to Promote Osteogenic Intercellular Signaling and Whole Bone Adaptation","volume":"37","author":"Spasic","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P73","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-2530-4-S1-P73","article-title":"Arl13b Interferes with \u03b1-Tubulin Acetylation","volume":"4","author":"Pintado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cilia"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"48","article-title":"Adenylyl Cyclases and TRPV4 Mediate Ca2+\/CAMP Dynamics to Enhance Fluid Flow-Induced Osteogenesis in Osteocytes","volume":"7","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1076","article-title":"Polycystins 1 and 2 Mediate Mechanosensation in the Primary Cilium of Kidney Cells","volume":"33","author":"Nauli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.710111","article-title":"Endothelial Cilia Are Fluid Shear Sensors That Regulate Calcium Signaling and Nitric Oxide Production Through Polycystin-1","volume":"117","author":"Nauli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.11.016","article-title":"Emerging Role of Primary Cilia as Mechanosensors in Osteocytes","volume":"54","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs217828","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.217828","article-title":"Primary Cilia Are Necessary for Prx1-Expressing Cells to Contribute to Postnatal Skeletogenesis","volume":"131","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0930-1","article-title":"Periosteal Progenitors Contribute to Load-Induced Bone Formation in Adult Mice and Require Primary Cilia to Sense Mechanical Stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14762","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51381-9","article-title":"Coordination of WNT Signaling and Ciliogenesis during Odontogenesis by Piezo Type Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Component 1","volume":"9","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deren, M., Yang, X., Guan, Y., and Chen, Q. (2016). Biological and Chemical Removal of Primary Cilia Affects Mechanical Activation of Chondrogenesis Markers in Chondroprogenitors and Hypertrophic Chondrocytes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17020188"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13630-015-0016-y","article-title":"The Primary Cilium Functions as a Mechanical and Calcium Signaling Nexus","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cilia"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2005.06.028","article-title":"TRP Channels: An Overview","volume":"38","author":"Pedersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s002320010011","article-title":"Calcium Channel Current in Rat Dental Pulp Cells","volume":"178","author":"Davidson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2019.11.005","article-title":"Primary Cilia Signaling Promotes Axonal Tract Development and Is Disrupted in Joubert Syndrome-Related Disorders Models","volume":"51","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.203","article-title":"Neuronal Primary Cilia: An Underappreciated Signaling and Sensory Organelle in the Brain","volume":"39","author":"Green","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.12.013","article-title":"Secretion of Shh by a Neurovascular Bundle Niche Supports Mesenchymal Stem Cell Homeostasis in the Adult Mouse Incisor","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22237","article-title":"Ift88 Regulates Hedgehog Signaling, Sfrp5 Expression, and \u03b2-Catenin Activity in Post-Natal Growth Plate","volume":"31","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.02.003","article-title":"Development of the Post-Natal Growth Plate Requires Intraflagellar Transport Proteins","volume":"305","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23732","article-title":"The Primary Cilium as a Signaling Nexus for Growth Plate Function and Subsequent Skeletal Development","volume":"36","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a008425","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a008425","article-title":"Signaling Networks Regulating Tooth Organogenesis and Regeneration, and the Specification of Dental Mesenchymal and Epithelial Cell Lineages","volume":"4","author":"Jussila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/12\/12\/1724\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:23:21Z","timestamp":1760145801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/12\/12\/1724"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["biom12121724"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom12121724","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]}}}