{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:04:02Z","timestamp":1791475442054,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease, causing about 60,000 deaths annually. In this review, we have described in detail the immunopathogenesis of leptospirosis, the influence of cytokines, genetic susceptibility on the course of the disease, and the evasion of the immune response. These data are combined with information about immunological and pathomorphological changes in the kidneys, liver, and lungs, which are most affected by Weil\u2019s disease. The review also suggests a possible role of the gut microbiota in the clinical course of leptospirosis, the main mechanisms of the influence of gut dysbiosis on damage in the liver, kidneys, and lungs through several axes, i.e., gut-liver, gut-kidney, and gut-lungs. Modulation of gut microbiota by probiotics and\/or fecal microbiota transplantation in leptospirosis may become an important area of scientific research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12121830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T01:44:31Z","timestamp":1670463871000},"page":"1830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Weil\u2019s Disease\u2014Immunopathogenesis, Multiple Organ Failure, and Potential Role of Gut Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0860-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavlo","family":"Petakh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, 88000 Uzhhorod, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitaliia","family":"Isevych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, 88000 Uzhhorod, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3141-4436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Kamyshnyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5088-3791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentyn","family":"Oksenych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Govindan, P., Pitchaikani, S., Kandasamy, S., Rajan, M., Shakila, H., Eed, E.M., Elfasakhany, A., and Pugazhendhi, A. (2021). Biomacromolecules of chitosan\u2014Bacopa saponin based LipL32 gene delivery system for leptospirosis therapy. Environ. 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