{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T01:34:31Z","timestamp":1775698471838,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,15]],"date-time":"2023-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/MED-PAT\/29656\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MED-PAT\/29656\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144743"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04462\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04462\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04462\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04462\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT PhD studentship","award":["PTDC\/MED-PAT\/29656\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MED-PAT\/29656\/2017"]}]},{"name":"FCT PhD studentship","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144743"]}]},{"name":"FCT PhD studentship","award":["UIDB\/04462\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04462\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT PhD studentship","award":["UIDP\/04462\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04462\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT PhD studentship","award":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT PhD studentship","award":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022170"]}]},{"name":"iNOVA4Health","award":["PTDC\/MED-PAT\/29656\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MED-PAT\/29656\/2017"]}]},{"name":"iNOVA4Health","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144743"]}]},{"name":"iNOVA4Health","award":["UIDB\/04462\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04462\/2020"]}]},{"name":"iNOVA4Health","award":["UIDP\/04462\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04462\/2020"]}]},{"name":"iNOVA4Health","award":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"]}]},{"name":"iNOVA4Health","award":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022170"]}]},{"name":"Associated Laboratory LS4FUTURE","award":["PTDC\/MED-PAT\/29656\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MED-PAT\/29656\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Associated Laboratory LS4FUTURE","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144743"]}]},{"name":"Associated Laboratory LS4FUTURE","award":["UIDB\/04462\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04462\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associated Laboratory LS4FUTURE","award":["UIDP\/04462\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04462\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associated Laboratory LS4FUTURE","award":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Associated Laboratory LS4FUTURE","award":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022170"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","award":["PTDC\/MED-PAT\/29656\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MED-PAT\/29656\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144743"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","award":["UIDB\/04462\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04462\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","award":["UIDP\/04462\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04462\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","award":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia\/Minist\u00e9rio da Ci\u00eancia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior","award":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022170"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/MED-PAT\/29656\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/MED-PAT\/29656\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/144743"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/144743"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04462\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04462\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04462\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04462\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0087\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) plays a central role in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and has been extensively studied in the brain. This protein is part of the synuclein family, which is also composed of beta-synuclein (bSyn) and gamma-synuclein (gSyn). In addition to its neurotoxic role, synucleins have important functions in the nervous system, modulating synaptic transmission. Synucleins are expressed in the retina, but they have been poorly characterized. However, there is evidence that they are important for visual function and that they can play a role in retinal degeneration. This study aimed to profile synucleins in the retina of naturally aged mice and to correlate their patterns with specific retinal cells. With aging, we observed a decrease in the thickness of specific retinal layers, accompanied by an increase in glial reactivity. Moreover, the aSyn levels decreased, whereas bSyn increased with aging. The colocalization of both proteins was decreased in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the aged retina. gSyn presented an age-related decrease at the inner nuclear layer but was not significantly changed in the ganglion cell layer. The synaptic marker synaptophysin was shown to be preferentially colocalized with aSyn in the IPL with aging. At the same time, aSyn was found to exist at the presynaptic endings of bipolar cells and was affected by aging. Overall, this study suggests that physiological aging can be responsible for changes in the retinal tissue, implicating functional alterations that could affect synuclein family function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13010180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T02:29:55Z","timestamp":1673836195000},"page":"180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Age-Related Changes of the Synucleins Profile in the Mouse Retina"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sarah Batista","family":"Dias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00edsa","family":"de Lemos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3235-6792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6536-6578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo B.","family":"Bitoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5946-1918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Ara\u00fajo","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6404-4892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel C.","family":"Seabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7272-5842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Tenreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3406","article-title":"The many faces of alpha-synuclein: From structure and toxicity to therapeutic target","volume":"14","author":"Lashuel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4269","article-title":"alpha-synuclein toxicity in neurodegeneration: Mechanism and therapeutic strategies","volume":"23","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.05.039","article-title":"The hallmarks of aging","volume":"153","author":"Blasco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6829","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.204248","article-title":"New hallmarks of ageing: A 2022 Copenhagen ageing meeting summary","volume":"14","author":"Moliere","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5020435","article-title":"The Interplay between Alpha-Synuclein Clearance and Spreading","volume":"5","author":"Outeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000139870.14385.3C","article-title":"Beta-synuclein gene alterations in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"63","author":"Ohtake","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv470","article-title":"Yeast reveals similar molecular mechanisms underlying alpha- and beta-synuclein toxicity","volume":"25","author":"Tenreiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23905","article-title":"beta-synuclein aggregates and induces neurodegeneration in dopaminergic neurons","volume":"74","author":"Taschenberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10198","article-title":"Synucleins in glaucoma: Implication of gamma-synuclein in glaucomatous alterations in the optic nerve","volume":"68","author":"Surgucheva","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64548-8","article-title":"Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, type 1 is characterized by alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synuclein neuropathology","volume":"157","author":"Galvin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13450","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.23.13450","article-title":"Axon pathology in Parkinson\u2019s disease and Lewy body dementia hippocampus contains alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synuclein","volume":"96","author":"Galvin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.143","article-title":"Gamma-synuclein pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Peters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp090","article-title":"Gamma-synucleinopathy: Neurodegeneration associated with overexpression of the mouse protein","volume":"18","author":"Ninkina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-013-1038-9","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein and intracellular trafficking: Impact on the spreading of Parkinson\u2019s disease pathology","volume":"91","author":"Eisbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4274","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416598111","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein assembles into higher-order multimers upon membrane binding to promote SNARE complex formation","volume":"111","author":"Burre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.023","article-title":"Synucleins Have Multiple Effects on Presynaptic Architecture","volume":"18","author":"Vargas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4529","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein promotes dilation of the exocytotic fusion pore","volume":"20","author":"Logan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14966","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406283101","article-title":"Double-knockout mice for alpha- and beta-synucleins: Effect on synaptic functions","volume":"101","author":"Chandra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.09.028","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein cooperates with CSPalpha in preventing neurodegeneration","volume":"123","author":"Chandra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.06.020","article-title":"Combinational losses of synucleins reveal their differential requirements for compensating age-dependent alterations in motor behavior and dopamine metabolism","volume":"46","author":"Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9364","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4787-13.2014","article-title":"Synucleins regulate the kinetics of synaptic vesicle endocytosis","volume":"34","author":"Vargas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44471","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.422402","article-title":"Contrasting effects of alpha-synuclein and gamma-synuclein on the phenotype of cysteine string protein alpha (CSPalpha) null mutant mice suggest distinct function of these proteins in neuronal synapses","volume":"287","author":"Ninkina","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80886-7","article-title":"Mice lacking alpha-synuclein display functional deficits in the nigrostriatal dopamine system","volume":"25","author":"Abeliovich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10048-007-0079-z","article-title":"Whole genome expression analyses of single- and double-knock-out mice implicate partially overlapping functions of alpha- and gamma-synuclein","volume":"8","author":"Kuhn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurogenetics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02378.x","article-title":"Developmental loss and resistance to MPTP toxicity of dopaminergic neurones in substantia nigra pars compacta of gamma-synuclein, alpha-synuclein and double alpha\/gamma-synuclein null mutant mice","volume":"89","author":"Robertson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1385\/JMN:25:2:157","article-title":"Peripheral sensory neurons survive in the absence of alpha- and gamma-synucleins","volume":"25","author":"Papachroni","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2020.02.026","article-title":"Alterations in the nigrostriatal system following conditional inactivation of alpha-synuclein in neurons of adult and aging mice","volume":"91","author":"Ninkina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19573","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005005107","article-title":"alphabetagamma-Synuclein triple knockout mice reveal age-dependent neuronal dysfunction","volume":"107","author":"Polydoro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909273","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.909273","article-title":"Impact of aging on animal models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Klaestrup","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54063-8","article-title":"Increased Dynamics of alpha-Synuclein Fibrils by beta-Synuclein Leads to Reduced Seeding and Cytotoxicity","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00462-7","article-title":"beta-Synuclein inhibits alpha-synuclein aggregation: A possible role as an anti-parkinsonian factor","volume":"32","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-002-0012-8","article-title":"Development of a new treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease using anti-aggregatory beta-synuclein-derived peptides","volume":"19","author":"Windisch","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.1129","article-title":"Synucleins in ocular tissues","volume":"65","author":"Surguchov","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"949","article-title":"Alpha synuclein gene expression profile in the retina of vertebrates","volume":"13","author":"Angulo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"908306","article-title":"Visual symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2011","author":"Armstrong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.04.007","article-title":"Visual Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"134","author":"Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29739","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M600933200","article-title":"Phosphorylation of Ser-129 is the dominant pathological modification of alpha-synuclein in familial and sporadic Lewy body disease","volume":"281","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.04.027","article-title":"Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein-immunoreactive retinal neuronal elements in Parkinson\u2019s disease subjects","volume":"571","author":"Beach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27392","article-title":"Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein in the retina is a biomarker of Parkinson\u2019s disease pathology severity","volume":"33","author":"Beach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24182","article-title":"alpha-synuclein in the inner retina in parkinson disease","volume":"75","author":"Kozlowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10730","article-title":"Retinal involvement in dementia with Lewy bodies: A clue to hallucinations?","volume":"54","author":"Maurage","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31820376cc","article-title":"Protein aggregation in the aging retina","volume":"70","author":"Leger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013965108","article-title":"Myelination transition zone astrocytes are constitutively phagocytic and have synuclein dependent reactivity in glaucoma","volume":"108","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.04.020","article-title":"Macula-less rat and macula-bearing monkey retinas exhibit common lifelong proteomic changes","volume":"34","author":"Bohm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.05.007","article-title":"Characterization of retinal architecture in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"355","author":"Chorostecki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90248-8","article-title":"Electrophysiological signs of retinal dopamine deficiency in recently diagnosed Parkinson\u2019s disease and a follow up study","volume":"34","author":"Ikeda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29523","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29523","article-title":"Longitudinal live imaging of retinal alpha-synuclein::GFP deposits in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease\/Dementia with Lewy Bodies","volume":"6","author":"Price","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66497-6","article-title":"alpha-synuclein overexpression in the retina leads to vision impairment and degeneration of dopaminergic amacrine cells","volume":"10","author":"Marrocco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523803202108","article-title":"Structure-function analysis of rods and cones in juvenile, adult, and aged C57bl\/6 and Balb\/c mice","volume":"20","author":"Gresh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"3278","article-title":"Aging of the human photoreceptor mosaic: Evidence for selective vulnerability of rods in central retina","volume":"34","author":"Curcio","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(03)00093-7","article-title":"The aging of the retina","volume":"38","author":"Bonnel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8642135","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8642135","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide and beta-Synuclein Are Involved and Interlinked in the Aging Glaucomatous Retina","volume":"2020","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16033","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3580-11.2011","article-title":"Age-related alterations in neurons of the mouse retina","volume":"31","author":"Samuel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3860","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3267","article-title":"Brn3a as a marker of retinal ganglion cells: Qualitative and quantitative time course studies in naive and optic nerve-injured retinas","volume":"50","author":"Agudo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00684-6","article-title":"Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease","volume":"22","author":"Tansey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.2013006618","article-title":"Muller glia in retinal innate immunity: A perspective on their roles in endophthalmitis","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(03)30005-1","article-title":"Up-regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein in response to retinal injury: Its potential role in glial remodeling and a comparison to vimentin expression","volume":"230","author":"Lewis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00040-0","article-title":"Microglia-specific localisation of a novel calcium binding protein, Iba1","volume":"57","author":"Ito","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-01956-z","article-title":"Retinal alpha-synuclein deposits in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients and animal models","volume":"137","author":"Veys","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19981201)54:5<655::AID-JNR10>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Differential localization and expression of alpha and beta isoenzymes of protein kinase C in the rat retina","volume":"54","author":"Kosaka","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800003734","article-title":"Differential staining of neurons in the human retina with antibodies to protein kinase C isozymes","volume":"10","author":"Kolb","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8875","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0912-09.2009","article-title":"ON inputs to the OFF layer: Bipolar cells that break the stratification rules of the retina","volume":"29","author":"Hoshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2140-x","article-title":"Rod bipolar cells dysfunction occurs before ganglion cells loss in excitotoxin-damaged mouse retina","volume":"10","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.04.001","article-title":"Synaptophysin regulates the kinetics of synaptic vesicle endocytosis in central neurons","volume":"70","author":"Kwon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00542.x","article-title":"Distribution of synaptic vesicle proteins in the mammalian retina identifies obligatory and facultative components of ribbon synapses","volume":"11","author":"Schmitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19960617)370:1<1::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Distributions of two homologous synaptic vesicle proteins, synaptoporin and synaptophysin, in the mammalian retina","volume":"370","author":"Brandstatter","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2022.167714","article-title":"Functional and Pathological Effects of alpha-Synuclein on Synaptic SNARE Complexes","volume":"435","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2015.10.025","article-title":"Men and mice: Relating their ages","volume":"152","author":"Dutta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4943(86)90006-3","article-title":"Morphological changes in the retina of ageing rats","volume":"5","author":"Cano","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523807070721","article-title":"No age-related cell loss in three retinal nuclear layers of the Long-Evans rat","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586013","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.586013","article-title":"Influence of Aging on the Retina and Visual Motion Processing for Optokinetic Responses in Mice","volume":"14","author":"Sugita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1228","article-title":"Cellular reorganization in the human retina during normal aging","volume":"48","author":"Eliasieh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parapuram, S.K., Cojocaru, R.I., Chang, J.R., Khanna, R., Brooks, M., Othman, M., Zareparsi, S., Khan, N.W., Gotoh, N., and Cogliati, T. (2010). Distinct signature of altered homeostasis in aging rod photoreceptors: Implications for retinal diseases. PLoS One, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013885"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aging of the human retina. Differential loss of neurons and retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4437","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-1753","article-title":"Age-related losses of retinal ganglion cells and axons","volume":"49","author":"Harwerth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.021","article-title":"The aging rat retina: From function to anatomy","volume":"61","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3659","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1474","article-title":"Abnormal reactivity of muller cells after retinal detachment in mice deficient in GFAP and vimentin","volume":"49","author":"Verardo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1497","article-title":"Parallel processing in the mammalian retina","volume":"5","author":"Wassle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7400","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1370-04.2004","article-title":"Stabilization of alpha-synuclein protein with aging and familial parkinson\u2019s disease-linked A53T mutation","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110675","article-title":"Synaptic vesicle binding of alpha-synuclein is modulated by beta- and gamma-synucleins","volume":"39","author":"Carnazza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606965","article-title":"Lysosomal dysfunction disrupts presynaptic maintenance and restoration of presynaptic function prevents neurodegeneration in lysosomal storage diseases","volume":"9","author":"Sambri","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101375","article-title":"beta-synuclein potentiates synaptic vesicle dopamine uptake and rescues dopaminergic neurons from MPTP-induced death in the absence of other synucleins","volume":"297","author":"Ninkina","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DOOP.0000019487.88486.0a","article-title":"Dopamine and retinal function","volume":"108","author":"Witkovsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7854","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CC03002B","article-title":"Kinetic barriers to alpha-synuclein protofilament formation and conversion into mature fibrils","volume":"54","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2007.05733.x","article-title":"Dynamics of alpha-synuclein aggregation and inhibition of pore-like oligomer development by beta-synuclein","volume":"274","author":"Tsigelny","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leitao, A., Bhumkar, A., Hunter, D.J.B., Gambin, Y., and Sierecki, E. (2018). Unveiling a Selective Mechanism for the Inhibition of alpha-Synuclein Aggregation by beta-Synuclein. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020334"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16368","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.780528","article-title":"A pH-dependent switch promotes beta-synuclein fibril formation via glutamate residues","volume":"292","author":"Moriarty","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"1540","article-title":"Gamma-synuclein as a marker of retinal ganglion cells","volume":"14","author":"Surgucheva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.11.001","article-title":"Absence of alpha-synuclein affects dopamine metabolism and synaptic markers in the striatum of aging mice","volume":"31","author":"Ninkina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(13)70022-1","article-title":"Modeling Lewy pathology propagation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Luk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/13\/1\/180\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:06:36Z","timestamp":1760119596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/13\/1\/180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,15]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["biom13010180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom13010180","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,15]]}}}