{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:24:23Z","timestamp":1792211063296,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under COMBIVET ERA Chair","award":["857418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["857418"]}]},{"name":"SPD Development Co., Ltd.","award":["857418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["857418"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Successful embryo implantation into a receptive endometrium requires mutual endometrial-embryo communication. Recently, the function of extracellular vehicles (EVs) in cell-to-cell interaction in embryo-maternal interactions has been investigated. We explored isolated endometrial-derived EVs, using RL95-2 cells as a model of a receptive endometrium, influenced by the menstrual cycle hormones estrogen (E2; proliferative phase), progesterone (P4; secretory phase), and estrogen plus progesterone (E2P4; the receptive phase). EV sized particles were isolated by differential centrifugation and size exclusion chromatography. Nanoparticle tracking analysis was used to examine the different concentrations and sizes of particles and EV proteomic analysis was performed using shotgun label-free mass spectrometry. Our results showed that although endometrial derived EVs were secreted in numbers independent of hormonal stimulation, EV sizes were statistically modified by it. Proteomics analysis showed that hormone treatment changes affect the endometrial EV\u2019s proteome, with proteins enhanced within the EV E2P4 group shown to be involved in different processes, such as embryo implantation, endometrial receptivity, and embryo development, supporting the concept of a communication system between the embryo and the maternal endometrium via EVs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13020279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T04:55:12Z","timestamp":1675313712000},"page":"279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Extracellular Vesicles Proteome of Endometrial Cells Simulating the Receptive Menstrual Phase Differs from That of Endometrial Cells Simulating the Non-Receptive Menstrual Phase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Amber Rose","family":"Hart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norhayati Liaqat Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keerthie","family":"Dissanayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila St. 14B, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniva, Peradeniva 20400, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasun","family":"Godakumara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila St. 14B, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Andronowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Juliana Tuwima St. 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saji","family":"Eapen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SPD Development Co., Ltd., Clearblue Innovation Centre, Stannard Way, Priory Business Park, Bedford MK44 3UP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8385-1438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul R","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Fazeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila St. 14B, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Reed, B.G., and Carr, B.R. (2021). Endotext, MDText.com, Inc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7412.434","article-title":"ABC of Subfertility: Extent of the Problem","volume":"327","author":"Taylor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12088","article-title":"Decidualization of the Human Endometrium","volume":"17","author":"Okada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhagwat, S.R., Chandrashekar, D.S., Kakar, R., Davuluri, S., Bajpai, A.K., Nayak, S., Bhutada, S., Acharya, K., and Sachdeva, G. (2013). Endometrial Receptivity: A Revisit to Functional Genomics Studies on Human Endometrium and Creation of HGEx-ERdb. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058419"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-019-0448-x","article-title":"Specific Trophoblast Transcripts Transferred by Extracellular Vesicles Affect Gene Expression in Endometrial Epithelial Cells and May Have a Role in Embryo-Maternal Crosstalk","volume":"17","author":"Godakumara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa019","article-title":"Characterization and Regulation of Extracellular Vesicles in the Lumen of the Ovine Uterus","volume":"102","author":"Burns","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56879-w","article-title":"Effects of MiR-98 in Intrauterine Extracellular Vesicles on Maternal Immune Regulation during the Peri-Implantation Period in Cattle","volume":"9","author":"Nakamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-021-02042-w","article-title":"Oviduct as a Sensor of Embryo Quality: Deciphering the Extracellular Vesicle (EV)-Mediated Embryo-Maternal Dialogue","volume":"99","author":"Dissanayake","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2016.12.009","article-title":"Size-Dependent Cellular Uptake of Exosomes","volume":"13","author":"Caponnetto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.10.046","article-title":"Cargo Small Non-Coding RNAs of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Uterine Fluid Associate with Endometrial Receptivity and Implantation Success","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-021-00879-x","article-title":"Proteomic Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Primary Human Epithelial Endometrial Cells Reveals Key Proteins Related to Embryo Implantation","volume":"20","author":"Faus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab123","article-title":"Global Transcriptomic Changes Occur in Uterine Fluid-Derived Extracellular Vesicles during the Endometrial Window for Embryo Implantation","volume":"36","author":"Giacomini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.115.134973","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles Originate from the Conceptus and Uterus during Early Pregnancy in Sheep","volume":"94","author":"Burns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almi\u00f1ana, C., Vegas, A.R., Tekin, M., Hassan, M., Uzbekov, R., Fr\u00f6hlich, T., Bollwein, H., and Bauersachs, S. (2021). Isolation and Characterization of Equine Uterine Extracellular Vesicles: A Comparative Methodological Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020979"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-19-0314","article-title":"IFNT-Independent Effects of Intrauterine Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) in Cattle","volume":"159","author":"Nakamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49671-3","article-title":"3D Cell Culture Stimulates the Secretion of in Vivo like Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"9","author":"Thippabhotla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, Y.H., Rome, S., Jalabert, A., Forterre, A., Singh, H., Hincks, C.L., and Salamonsen, L.A. (2013). Endometrial Exosomes\/Microvesicles in the Uterine Microenvironment: A New Paradigm for Embryo-Endometrial Cross Talk at Implantation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058502"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.112.099234","article-title":"The Antiapoptotic Effect of Galectin-3 in Human Endometrial Cells under the Regulation of Estrogen and Progesterone","volume":"87","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.115.134890","article-title":"Human Endometrial Exosomes Contain Hormone-Specific Cargo Modulating Trophoblast Adhesive Capacity: Insights into Endometrial-Embryo Interactions","volume":"94","author":"Greening","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-020-00624-w","article-title":"Characterization of the Role for Cadherin 6 in the Regulation of Human Endometrial Receptivity","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124289","article-title":"Hsa-MiR-30d, Secreted by the Human Endometrium, Is Taken up by the Pre-Implantation Embryo and Might Modify Its Transcriptome","volume":"142","author":"Vilella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0945-053X(99)00006-2","article-title":"Chondroitin Sulphate and Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Are Sequentially Expressed in the Uterine Extracellular Matrix during Early Pregnancy in the Rat","volume":"18","author":"Slater","year":"1999","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-20-0344","article-title":"Molecular Interactions at the Bovine Embryo\u2013Endometrial Epithelium Interface","volume":"160","author":"Sponchiado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-003-0370-1","article-title":"Expression of Kinesin Kif5c during Chick Development","volume":"207","author":"Dathe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20100801","article-title":"Natural Occurrence and Physiological Role of a Truncated EIF4E in the Porcine Endometrium during Implantation","volume":"432","author":"Wollenhaupt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779979","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2021.779979","article-title":"Menstrual Fluid Factors Mediate Endometrial Repair","volume":"3","author":"Salamonsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12522-015-0215-7","article-title":"Conceptus Implantation and Placentation: Molecules Related to Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal Transition, Lymphocyte Homing, Endogenous Retroviruses, and Exosomes","volume":"15","author":"Imakawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2012.12076","article-title":"Microarray Analysis of Gene Expression in the Uterine Endometrium during the Implantation Period in Pigs","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20200865","article-title":"Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), Angiotensin-(1-7) and Mas Receptor in Gonadal and Reproductive Functions","volume":"134","author":"Reis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.200900094","article-title":"Proteome of Human Endometrium: Identification of Differentially Expressed Proteins in Proliferative and Secretory Phase Endometrium","volume":"4","author":"Rai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proteom. Clin. Appl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tru.2020.100004","article-title":"The Role of the Fibrinolytic System in Female Reproductive Disorders and Depression","volume":"1","author":"Brenner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb. Update"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-017-0185-1","article-title":"Evidence of Endometrial Amino Acid Metabolism and Transport Modulation by Peri-Ovulatory Endocrine Profiles Driving Uterine Receptivity","volume":"8","author":"Pugliesi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-016-0207-4","article-title":"Characterization of Exosomal Release in Bovine Endometrial Intercaruncular Stromal Cells","volume":"14","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmm009","article-title":"Estrogen and the Endometrium: Lessons Learned from Gene Expression Profiling in Rodents and Human","volume":"13","author":"Groothuis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-12-92","article-title":"Endometrial Gene Expression Reveals Compromised Progesterone Signaling in Women Refractory to Embryo Implantation","volume":"12","author":"Figueroa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-19-0402","article-title":"AMPK Is Required for Uterine Receptivity and Normal Responses to Steroid Hormones","volume":"159","author":"Pru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-19-0022","article-title":"Uterine Fluid Proteome Changes during Diapause and Resumption of Embryo Development in Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus)","volume":"158","author":"Bick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201300204","article-title":"Composition of the Bovine Uterine Proteome Is Associated with Stage of Cycle and Concentration of Systemic Progesterone","volume":"13","author":"Faulkner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-021-00431-6","article-title":"Hypoxic in Vitro Culture Reduces Histone Lactylation and Impairs Pre-Implantation Embryonic Development in Mice","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epigenet. Chromatin"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Legato, M.J. (2017). Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine: Gender in the Genomic Era, Academic Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811850-4.00001-6"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/eln006","article-title":"Maternal Communication with Gametes and Embryos: A Complex Interactome","volume":"7","author":"Fazeli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brief. Funct. Genom. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.04.059","article-title":"Cross Talk during the Periconception Period","volume":"86","author":"Fazeli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201400362","article-title":"Proteomics of the Periconception Milieu","volume":"15","author":"Fazeli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2022.100645","article-title":"The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Endometrial Receptivity and Their Potential in Reproductive Therapeutics and Diagnosis","volume":"22","author":"Hart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-021-00801-5","article-title":"Trophoblast Derived Extracellular Vesicles Specifically Alter the Transcriptome of Endometrial Cells and May Constitute a Critical Component of Embryo-Maternal Communication","volume":"19","author":"Godakumara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02618053","article-title":"Characterization of a New Human Endometrial Carcinoma (RL95-2) Established in Tissue Culture","volume":"19","author":"Way","year":"1983","journal-title":"In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.11.141","article-title":"Human Uterine Epithelial RL95-2 and HEC-1A Cell-Line Adhesiveness: The Role of Plexin B1","volume":"87","author":"Harduf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1159\/000066963","article-title":"In Vitro Studies on Endometrial Adhesiveness for Trophoblast: Cellular Dynamics in Uterine Epithelial Cells","volume":"172","author":"Thie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-7-14","article-title":"Progesterone Receptor A and C-Met Mediates Spheroids-Endometrium Attachment","volume":"7","author":"Harduf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/3.4.275","article-title":"Adhesiveness of the Free Surface of a Human Endometrial Monolayer for Trophoblast as Related to Actin Cytoskeleton","volume":"3","author":"Thie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/8.11.1014","article-title":"Adhesiveness of Human Uterine Epithelial RL95-2 Cells to Trophoblast: Rho Protein Regulation","volume":"8","author":"Heneweer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioy011","article-title":"Progesterone Effects on Extracellular Vesicles in the Sheep Uterus","volume":"98","author":"Burns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-007-6553-9","article-title":"Progesterone Regulation of Implantation-Related Genes: New Insights into the Role of Oestrogen","volume":"64","author":"Dassen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"137","article-title":"Endometrial Stem\/Progenitor Cells: The First 10 Years","volume":"22","author":"Gargett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00105","article-title":"Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Sulfation Regulates Uterine Differentiation and Signaling during Embryo Implantation","volume":"159","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1993.1010","article-title":"Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan (Perlecan) Expression by Mouse Embryos during Acquisition of Attachment Competence","volume":"155","author":"Carson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.06.026","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infection Risk Assessment in the Endometrium: Viral Infection-Related Gene Expression across the Menstrual Cycle","volume":"114","author":"Pellicer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1280","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00153.2020","article-title":"Estrogen Regulates the Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 in Differentiated Airway Epithelial Cells","volume":"318","author":"Stelzig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0358","article-title":"Microarray Assessment of the Influence of the Conceptus on Gene Expression in the Mouse Uterus during Decidualization","volume":"141","author":"McConaha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0136","article-title":"Endometrial Inhibin\/Activin \u03b2-B Subunit Expression Is Related to Decidualization and Is Reduced in Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy","volume":"93","author":"Horne","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39912","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39912","article-title":"Increased Uterine NK Cell Numbers and Perforin Expression during the Implantation Phase in IVF Cycles with GnRH Antagonist Protocol","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137430","article-title":"Granulated Lymphocytes in Human Endometrium: Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Studies","volume":"6","author":"Bulmer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq050","article-title":"Regulation of Extravillous Trophoblast Invasion by Uterine Natural Killer Cells Is Dependent on Gestational Age","volume":"25","author":"Lash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13024","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13024","article-title":"Dysregulated Uterine Natural Killer Cells and Vascular Remodeling in Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Losses","volume":"80","author":"Dambaeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E231","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206322110","article-title":"Natural Killer Cells Promote Immune Tolerance by Regulating Inflammatory TH17 Cells at the Human Maternal-Fetal Interface","volume":"110","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.3.1869","article-title":"Endometrial NK Cells Are Special Immature Cells That Await Pregnancy","volume":"181","author":"Manaster","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1712","article-title":"Regulation of MTORC1 and Its Impact on Gene Expression at a Glance","volume":"126","author":"Laplante","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-09-0090","article-title":"The Role of MTOR in Mouse Uterus during Embryo Implantation","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110922","article-title":"Evaluating the Effect of Ovarian Stimulation and Exogenous Progesterone on CD31-Positive Cell Density, VEGF Protein, and MiR-17-5p Expression of Endometrium Immediately before Implantation","volume":"133","author":"Salmasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1220085","article-title":"Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Endometrial Vascular Events before Implantation in Rats","volume":"122","author":"Rabbani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02900597","article-title":"Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Rat Uterus during Peri-Implantation","volume":"46","author":"Shao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heberle, H., Meirelles, G.V., da Silva, F.R., Telles, G.P., and Minghim, R. (2015). InteractiVenn: A web-based tool for the analysis of sets through Venn diagrams. BMC Bioinform., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-015-0611-3"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D543","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1038","article-title":"The PRIDE Database Resources in 2022: A Hub for Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Evidences","volume":"50","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/13\/2\/279\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:22:07Z","timestamp":1760120527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/13\/2\/279"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["biom13020279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom13020279","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]}}}