{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T02:48:21Z","timestamp":1782442101695,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["2021JJ40001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ40001"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["57531629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57531629"]}]},{"name":"CSC-DAAD Postdoc Scholarship Program","award":["2021JJ40001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ40001"]}]},{"name":"CSC-DAAD Postdoc Scholarship Program","award":["57531629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57531629"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to explore the role of GABAB receptors in the development of deprivation myopia (DM), lens-induced myopia (LIM) and lens-induced hyperopia (LIH). Chicks were intravitreally injected with 25 \u00b5g baclofen (GABABR agonist) in one eye and saline into the fellow eye. Choroidal thickness (ChT) was measured via OCT before and 2, 4, 6, 8, 24 h after injection. ChT decreased strongly at 6 and 8 h after baclofen injection and returned back to baseline level after 24 h. Moreover, chicks were monocularly treated with translucent diffusers, \u22127D or +7D lenses and randomly assigned to baclofen or saline treatment. DM chicks were injected daily into both eyes, while LIM and LIH chicks were monocularly injected into the lens-wearing eyes, for 4 days. Refractive error, axial length and ChT were measured before and after treatment. Dopamine and its metabolites were analyzed via HPLC. Baclofen significantly reduced the myopic shift and eye growth in DM and LIM eyes. However, it did not change ChT compared to respective saline-injected eyes. On the other hand, baclofen inhibited the hyperopic shift and choroidal thickening in LIH eyes. All the baclofen-injected eyes showed significantly lower vitreal DOPAC content. Since GABA is an inhibitory ubiquitous neurotransmitter, interfering with its signaling affects spatial retinal processing and therefore refractive error development with both diffusers and lenses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13030434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T03:23:36Z","timestamp":1677468216000},"page":"434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["GABAB Receptor Activation Affects Eye Growth in Chickens with Visually Induced Refractive Errors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha 410000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3685-0811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Schaeffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Myopia Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhikuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha 410000, China"},{"name":"Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha 410000, China"},{"name":"Hunan Province International Cooperation Base for Optometry Science and Technology, Changsha 410000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6938-3714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marita Pauline","family":"Feldkaemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.03.017","article-title":"Premyopia at Preschool Age: Population-based Evidence of Prevalence and Risk Factors from A Serial Survey in Taiwan","volume":"129","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(88)90113-7","article-title":"Accommodation, refractive error and eye growth in chickens","volume":"28","author":"Schaeffel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vis. 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