{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:33:49Z","timestamp":1787027629991,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry to RN","award":["the Innovative Research Program Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the Innovative Research Program Award"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry to RN","award":["JPMJSP2124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2124"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"JST SPRING","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["the Innovative Research Program Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the Innovative Research Program Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"JST SPRING","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJSP2124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are conserved in a wide range of organisms, including insects. In 2014, an epsilon GST, known as Noppera-bo (Nobo), was shown to regulate the biosynthesis of ecdysteroid, the principal steroid hormone in insects. Studies on fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, and silkworms, Bombyx mori, demonstrated that loss-of-function mutants of nobo fail to synthesize ecdysteroid and die during development, consistent with the essential function of ecdysteroids in insect molting and metamorphosis. This genetic evidence suggests that chemical compounds that inhibit activity of Nobo could be insect growth regulators (IGRs) that kill insects by disrupting their molting and metamorphosis. In addition, because nobo is conserved only in Diptera and Lepidoptera, a Nobo inhibitor could be used to target IGRs in a narrow spectrum of insect taxa. Dipterans include mosquitoes, some of which are vectors of diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. Given that mosquito control is essential to reduce mosquito-borne diseases, new IGRs that specifically kill mosquito vectors are always in demand. We have addressed this issue by identifying and characterizing several chemical compounds that inhibit Nobo protein in both D. melanogaster and the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. In this review, we summarize our findings from the search for Nobo inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13030461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T04:22:28Z","timestamp":1677730948000},"page":"461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Compounds Inhibiting Noppera-bo, a Glutathione S-transferase Involved in Insect Ecdysteroid Biosynthesis: Novel Insect Growth Regulators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kana","family":"Ebihara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Degree Programs in Life and Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1716-455X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryusuke","family":"Niwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8577, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2009.01.001","article-title":"Mosquito-Borne Diseases","volume":"39","author":"Tolle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. 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