{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:13:37Z","timestamp":1790813617386,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]],"date-time":"2023-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82002975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82002975"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82272945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200105215896551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200105215896551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202110560034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202110560034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Science and Technology Special Fund project","award":["82002975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82002975"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Science and Technology Special Fund project","award":["82272945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272945"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Science and Technology Special Fund project","award":["200105215896551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200105215896551"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Science and Technology Special Fund project","award":["202110560034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202110560034"]}]},{"name":"National Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship","award":["82002975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82002975"]}]},{"name":"National Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship","award":["82272945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272945"]}]},{"name":"National Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship","award":["200105215896551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200105215896551"]}]},{"name":"National Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship","award":["202110560034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202110560034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ras-related associated with diabetes (RRAD), a member of the Ras-related GTPase superfamily, is primarily a cytosolic protein that actives in the plasma membrane. RRAD is highly expressed in type 2 diabetes patients and as a biomarker of congestive heart failure. Mounting evidence showed that RRAD is important for the progression and metastasis of tumor cells, which play opposite roles as an oncogene or tumor suppressor gene depending on cancer and cell type. These findings are of great significance, especially given that relevant molecular mechanisms are being discovered. Being regulated in various pathways, RRAD plays wide spectrum cellular activity including tumor cell division, motility, apoptosis, and energy metabolism by modulating tumor-related gene expression and interacting with multiple downstream effectors. Additionally, RRAD in senescence may contribute to its role in cancer. Despite the twofold characters of RRAD, targeted therapies are becoming a potential therapeutic strategy to combat cancers. This review will discuss the dual identity of RRAD in specific cancer type, provides an overview of the regulation and downstream effectors of RRAD to offer valuable insights for readers, explore the intracellular role of RRAD in cancer, and give a reference for future mechanistic studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13030477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T03:49:08Z","timestamp":1678074548000},"page":"477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Friend or Foe: Regulation, Downstream Effectors of RRAD in Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7004-0568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhangyue","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongkang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolu","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinglin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deyuan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6375-3614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enmin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1618-4292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9657-8645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"},{"name":"Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8248782","article-title":"Rad: A member of the Ras family overexpressed in muscle of type II diabetic humans","volume":"262","author":"Reynet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200111026","article-title":"The GTP binding proteins Gem and Rad are negative regulators of the Rho-Rho kinase pathway","volume":"157","author":"Ward","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2443.2006.00994.x","article-title":"Crystal structure of human Rad GTPase of the RGK-family","volume":"11","author":"Yanuar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2007.10.028","article-title":"The RGK family of GTP-binding proteins: Regulators of voltage-dependent calcium channels and cytoskeleton remodeling","volume":"20","author":"Correll","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2005.10.002","article-title":"The RGK family: A regulatory tail of small GTP-binding proteins","volume":"15","author":"Kelly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.950140308","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms for ras proteins","volume":"14","author":"Downward","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-021-00543-2","article-title":"Golgi-associated Rab GTPases implicated in autophagy","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90163-7","article-title":"The small GTP-binding protein rho regulates the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers in response to growth factors","volume":"70","author":"Ridley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1097","article-title":"RAS oncogenes: The first 30 years","volume":"3","author":"Malumbres","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20211166","article-title":"Functional diversity in the RAS subfamily of small GTPases","volume":"50","author":"Nikolova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23111","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.38.23111","article-title":"Overexpression of Rad inhibits glucose uptake in cultured muscle and fat cells","volume":"271","author":"Moyers","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11832","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.18.11832","article-title":"Rad and Rad-related GTPases interact with calmodulin and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II","volume":"272","author":"Moyers","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S197844","article-title":"RRAD suppresses the Warburg effect by downregulating ACTG1 in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Onco. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.26660","article-title":"Tumor cells containing the African-Centric S47 variant of TP53 show increased Warburg metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Barnoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S106703","article-title":"Ras-related associated with diabetes gene acts as a suppressor and inhibits Warburg effect in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Onco. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5097","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-4329-7","article-title":"RRAD inhibits aerobic glycolysis, invasion, and migration and is associated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"37","author":"Shang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, W., Mo, Y., Wang, S., Midorikawa, K., Ma, N., Hiraku, Y., Oikawa, S., Huang, G., Zhang, Z., and Murata, M. (2017). Quantitation of DNA methylation in Epstein-Barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma by bisulfite amplicon sequencing. BMC Cancer, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3482-3"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2012.03.042","article-title":"Promoter hypermethylation of Ras-related GTPase gene RRAD inactivates a tumor suppressor function in nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"323","author":"Mo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5233","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14125","article-title":"The pseudogene DUXAP10 promotes an aggressive phenotype through binding with LSD1 and repressing LATS2 and RRAD in non small cell lung cancer","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6903","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.37070","article-title":"HPV 16 E6\/E7 up-regulate the expression of both HIF-1alpha and GLUT1 by inhibition of RRAD and activation of NF-kappaB in lung cancer cells","volume":"10","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2014.03.003","article-title":"Rad GTPase inhibits the NFkappaB pathway through interacting with RelA\/p65 to impede its DNA binding and target gene transactivation","volume":"26","author":"Hsiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5535","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2137","article-title":"Tumor suppressor p53 negatively regulates glycolysis stimulated by hypoxia through its target RRAD","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-13-0427","article-title":"Gene silencing associated with SWI\/SNF complex loss during NSCLC development","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-010-0717-z","article-title":"Rad is a p53 direct transcriptional target that inhibits cell migration and is frequently silenced in lung carcinoma cells","volume":"89","author":"Hsiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240630505","article-title":"NCI-Navy Medical Oncology Branch cell line data base","volume":"24","author":"Phelps","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-006-9089-6","article-title":"Methylation and gene silencing of the Ras-related GTPase gene in lung and breast cancers","volume":"14","author":"Suzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"2071","article-title":"Regulation of growth and tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells by the low molecular weight GTPase Rad and nm23","volume":"61","author":"Tseng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0323","article-title":"Discovery of novel methylation biomarkers in cervical carcinoma by global demethylation and microarray analysis","volume":"15","author":"Sova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C212","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.168188","article-title":"Genome-wide methylation profiling reveals new biomarkers for prognosis prediction of glioblastoma","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"5199","article-title":"Aberrant methylation of the Ras-related associated with diabetes gene in human primary esophageal cancer","volume":"33","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14225","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.527671","article-title":"Ras-induced epigenetic inactivation of the RRAD (Ras-related associated with diabetes) gene promotes glucose uptake in a human ovarian cancer model","volume":"289","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11591","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11591","article-title":"Aspirin inhibits tumor progression and enhances cisplatin sensitivity in epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208263","article-title":"Aberrant methylation profile of human malignant mesotheliomas and its relationship to SV40 infection","volume":"24","author":"Suzuki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-14-0244","article-title":"RRAD promotes EGFR-mediated STAT3 activation and induces temozolomide resistance of malignant glioblastoma","volume":"13","author":"Yeom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89238-9","article-title":"Application of the antitussive agents oxelaidin and butamirate as anti-glioma agents","volume":"11","author":"Yeom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2012.04.001","article-title":"Genes responsible for the characteristics of primary cultured invasive phenotype hepatocellular carcinoma cells","volume":"66","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.457","article-title":"Pan-senescence transcriptome analysis identified RRAD as a marker and negative regulator of cellular senescence","volume":"130","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2012.05.004","article-title":"Rad knockdown induces mitochondrial apoptosis in bortezomib resistant leukemia and lymphoma cells","volume":"36","author":"Yeom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55767-7","article-title":"RRAD expression in gastric and colorectal cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38524","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005220200","article-title":"EGR1 target genes in prostate carcinoma cells identified by microarray analysis","volume":"275","author":"Svaren","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14911","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.26.14911","article-title":"Interaction of the Ras-related protein associated with diabetes rad and the putative tumor metastasis suppressor NM23 provides a novel mechanism of GTPase regulation","volume":"96","author":"Zhu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14982","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3719","article-title":"RRAD inhibits the Warburg effect through negative regulation of the NF-kappaB signaling","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"4682","article-title":"Ras oncogenes in human cancer: A review","volume":"49","author":"Bos","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"2661","article-title":"The mutational profile of sporadic epithelial ovarian carcinoma","volume":"31","author":"Kalamanathan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"933","article-title":"Signal transduction via Ras","volume":"379","author":"Wittinghofer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilic Eren, M., and Tabor, V. (2014). The role of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha in bypassing oncogene-induced senescence. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101064"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600789","article-title":"C\/EBPbeta cooperates with RB:E2F to implement Ras(V12)-induced cellular senescence","volume":"24","author":"Sebastian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Embo J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v22.i1.40","article-title":"Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD1): A potential molecular target for tumor therapy","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3068","article-title":"SWI\/SNF nucleosome remodellers and cancer","volume":"11","author":"Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (2012). Comprehensive genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers. Nature, 489, 519\u2013525.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11404"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.08.029","article-title":"Mapping the hallmarks of lung adenocarcinoma with massively parallel sequencing","volume":"150","author":"Imielinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2012.06.011","article-title":"Downregulation of SWI\/SNF chromatin remodeling factor subunits modulates cisplatin cytotoxicity","volume":"318","author":"Kothandapani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22330","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111987200","article-title":"SWI\/SNF complex interacts with tumor suppressor p53 and is necessary for the activation of p53-mediated transcription","volume":"277","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/8811","article-title":"c-MYC interacts with INI1\/hSNF5 and requires the SWI\/SNF complex for transactivation function","volume":"22","author":"Cheng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7942","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00700-06","article-title":"BRG1 interacts with Nrf2 to selectively mediate HO-1 induction in response to oxidative stress","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.08.002","article-title":"BRG1 regulates NOX gene transcription in endothelial cells and contributes to cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"1864","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10165","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1302209110","article-title":"Swi\/Snf chromatin remodeling\/tumor suppressor complex establishes nucleosome occupancy at target promoters","volume":"110","author":"Tolstorukov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)01005-X","article-title":"Function and selectivity of bromodomains in anchoring chromatin-modifying complexes to promoter nucleosomes","volume":"111","author":"Hassan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004","DOI":"10.1621\/nrs.06004","article-title":"The BRG1 transcriptional coregulator","volume":"6","author":"Trotter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucl. Recept Signal."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4357","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-3791","article-title":"A novel senescence-evasion mechanism involving Grap2 and Cyclin D interacting protein inactivation by Ras associated with diabetes in cancer cells under doxorubicin treatment","volume":"70","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.275891.115","article-title":"An African-specific polymorphism in the TP53 gene impairs p53 tumor suppressor function in a mouse model","volume":"30","author":"Jennis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-017-0007-9","article-title":"A functionally significant SNP in TP53 and breast cancer risk in African-American women","volume":"3","author":"Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11315","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01533-14","article-title":"High-risk human papillomavirus E6 protein promotes reprogramming of Fanconi anemia patient cells through repression of p53 but does not allow for sustained growth of induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"88","author":"Chlon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13313","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01637-12","article-title":"Conserved region 3 of human papillomavirus 16 E7 contributes to deregulation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor","volume":"86","author":"Todorovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50528-y","article-title":"Expression Of Intracellular Components of the NF-\u03baB Alternative Pathway (NF-\u03baB2, RelB, NIK and Bcl3) is Associated With Clinical Outcome of NSCLC Patients","volume":"9","author":"Dimitrakopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203412","article-title":"Selective activation of NF-kappa B subunits in human breast cancer: Potential roles for NF-kappa B2\/p52 and for Bcl-3","volume":"19","author":"Cogswell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lovas, A., Weidemann, A., Albrecht, D., Wiechert, L., Weih, D., and Weih, F. (2012). p100 Deficiency is insufficient for full activation of the alternative NF-kappaB pathway: TNF cooperates with p52-RelB in target gene transcription. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042741"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szoltysek, K., Janus, P., Zajac, G., Stokowy, T., Walaszczyk, A., Widlak, W., Wojtas, B., Gielniewski, B., Cockell, S., and Perkins, N.D. (2018). RRAD, IL4I1, CDKN1A, and SERPINE1 genes are potentially co-regulated by NF-kappaB and p53 transcription factors in cells exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation. BMC Genomics, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-5211-y"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6873","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.15.6873","article-title":"Identification of NAB1, a repressor of NGFI-A- and Krox20-mediated transcription","volume":"92","author":"Russo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3545","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.16.7.3545","article-title":"NAB2, a corepressor of NGFI-A (Egr-1) and Krox20, is induced by proliferative and differentiative stimuli","volume":"16","author":"Svaren","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9749","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.13.9749","article-title":"A novel activation function for NAB proteins in EGR-dependent transcription of the luteinizing hormone beta gene","volume":"275","author":"Sevetson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"4890","article-title":"MiR-224-5p targets EGR2 to promote the development of papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Zang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2001.27102","article-title":"Frequent and early loss of the EGR1 corepressor NAB2 in human prostate carcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Abdulkadir","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y., Zhang, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Chen, C., Chen, Y.E., Xiong, J.W., and Zhu, X. (2011). Platelet-derived growth factor induces Rad expression through Egr-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019408"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990592","article-title":"PDGF\/PDGFR signaling and targeting in cancer growth and progression: Focus on tumor microenvironment and cancer-associated fibroblasts","volume":"20","author":"Gialeli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4609","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI125890","article-title":"Stromal integrin \u03b111 regulates PDGFR-\u03b2 signaling and promotes breast cancer progression","volume":"129","author":"Primac","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15129","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M600775200","article-title":"NAB2 represses transcription by interacting with the CHD4 subunit of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex","volume":"281","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.183434.111","article-title":"NF-\u03baB, the first quarter-century: Remarkable progress and outstanding questions","volume":"26","author":"Hayden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00703-1","article-title":"Missing pieces in the NF-kappaB puzzle","volume":"109","author":"Ghosh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.192641","article-title":"Efficient nuclear export of p65-IkappaBalpha complexes requires 14-3-3 proteins","volume":"129","author":"Aguilera","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35788","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35788","article-title":"Metformin sensitizes the response of oral squamous cell carcinoma to cisplatin treatment through inhibition of NF-\u03baB\/HIF-1\u03b1 signal axis","volume":"6","author":"Qi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christian, F., Smith, E.L., and Carmody, R.J. (2016). The Regulation of NF-\u03baB Subunits by Phosphorylation. Cells, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells5010012"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1159\/000492541","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin Increases the Sensitivity of Photodynamic Therapy Via NF-\u03baB\/HIF-1\u03b1\/VEGF Pathway in Esophageal Cancer Cell in vitro and in vivo","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8430","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15371","article-title":"Alpinetin inhibits breast cancer growth by ROS\/NF-\u03baB\/HIF-1\u03b1 axis","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.42944","article-title":"Self-enforcing HMGB1\/NF-\u03baB\/HIF-1\u03b1 Feedback Loop Promotes Cisplatin Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"77","article-title":"Expression of genes encoding type IV collagen-degrading metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in various human tumor cells","volume":"7","author":"Sato","year":"1992","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.06.009","article-title":"RAS Proteins and Their Regulators in Human Disease","volume":"170","author":"Simanshu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/07357900701208931","article-title":"Expression of glucose transporter-1, hexokinase-II, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and survival of patients with pancreatic cancer","volume":"25","author":"Lyshchik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Investig."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.04577","article-title":"[18F]FDG uptake and PCNA, Glut-1, and Hexokinase-II expressions in cancers and inflammatory lesions of the lung","volume":"7","author":"Mamede","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/20459","article-title":"The tumour suppressor protein VHL targets hypoxia-inducible factors for oxygen-dependent proteolysis","volume":"399","author":"Maxwell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059796","article-title":"Targeting of HIF-alpha to the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitylation complex by O2-regulated prolyl hydroxylation","volume":"292","author":"Jaakkola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/353174a0","article-title":"Isolation of the human cdk2 gene that encodes the cyclin A- and adenovirus E1A-associated p33 kinase","volume":"353","author":"Tsai","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5388.487","article-title":"Phosphorylation and activation of 13S condensin by Cdc2 in vitro","volume":"282","author":"Kimura","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701320337","article-title":"Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death","volume":"35","author":"Elmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e31825f6632","article-title":"Shen-fu injection reduces postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction in a porcine model of cardiac arrest by modulating apoptosis","volume":"38","author":"Gu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.147.7.1519","article-title":"Cofilin phosphorylation and actin cytoskeletal dynamics regulated by rho- and Cdc42-activated LIM-kinase 2","volume":"147","author":"Sumi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2007.00599.x","article-title":"Nuclear localization of endogenous RGK proteins and modulation of cell shape remodeling by regulated nuclear transport","volume":"8","author":"Mahalakshmi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600543","article-title":"Interplay between components of a novel LIM kinase-slingshot phosphatase complex regulates cofilin","volume":"24","author":"Soosairajah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Embo J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2015.12.001","article-title":"The Warburg Effect: How Does it Benefit Cancer Cells?","volume":"41","author":"Liberti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends. Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160809","article-title":"Understanding the Warburg effect: The metabolic requirements of cell proliferation","volume":"324","author":"Cantley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6921","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-1457","article-title":"Lactate: A metabolic key player in cancer","volume":"71","author":"Hirschhaeuser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3330609","article-title":"Effects of phosphorylation on function of the Rad GTPase","volume":"333","author":"Moyers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4805","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.9.4805","article-title":"Characterization of Rad, a new member of Ras\/GTPase superfamily, and its regulation by a unique GTPase-activating protein (GAP)-like activity","volume":"270","author":"Zhu","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C348","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00115.2012","article-title":"Regulation of the human Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter hSGLT2","volume":"303","author":"Ghezzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E322","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00091.2012","article-title":"The role of CaMKII in regulating GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle","volume":"303","author":"Ojuka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.03.002","article-title":"Calcium signaling through CaMKII regulates hepatic glucose production in fasting and obesity","volume":"15","author":"Ozcan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060109-094246","article-title":"Regulation of glucose transporter translocation in health and diabetes","volume":"81","author":"Bogan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.12.028","article-title":"Down-regulation of K-ras and H-ras in human brain gliomas","volume":"45","author":"Lymbouridou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6042","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-4923","article-title":"Constitutively activated STAT3 frequently coexpresses with epidermal growth factor receptor in high-grade gliomas and targeting STAT3 sensitizes them to Iressa and alkylators","volume":"14","author":"Lo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9066","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-0575","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor receptor cooperates with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer cells via up-regulation of TWIST gene expression","volume":"67","author":"Lo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.12986","article-title":"Wild-type EGFR is stabilized by direct interaction with HSP90 in cancer cells and tumors","volume":"14","author":"Ahsan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6484","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-2813","article-title":"Nuclear translocation of the epidermal growth factor receptor family membrane tyrosine kinase receptors","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1356-9597.2003.00691.x","article-title":"Src-dependent phosphorylation of the EGF receptor Tyr-845 mediates Stat-p21waf1 pathway in A431 cells","volume":"8","author":"Sato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf351","article-title":"Cytoplasmic transport of Stat3 by receptor-mediated endocytosis","volume":"21","author":"Bild","year":"2002","journal-title":"Embo J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, W. (2020). Role of JAK\/STAT3 Signaling in the Regulation of Metastasis, the Transition of Cancer Stem Cells, and Chemoresistance of Cancer by Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010217"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-1002","article-title":"Regulation of self-renewal and pluripotency by Sox2 in human embryonic stem cells","volume":"26","author":"Fong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2868","article-title":"Targeting the tumour vasculature: Insights from physiological angiogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Chung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.06.059","article-title":"Role of angiopoietin-2 in adaptive tumor resistance to VEGF signaling blockade","volume":"8","author":"Rigamonti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.2.768","article-title":"Rad, a novel Ras-related GTPase, interacts with skeletal muscle beta-tropomyosin","volume":"271","author":"Zhu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33279","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.50.33279","article-title":"Calmodulin is essential for cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) activity and nuclear accumulation of cyclin D1-Cdk4 during G1","volume":"273","author":"Rius","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12399","article-title":"Tropomyosin-Mediated Regulation of Cytoplasmic Myosins","volume":"17","author":"Manstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.5.2.14398","article-title":"Diversification of caldesmon-linked actin cytoskeleton in cell motility","volume":"5","author":"Mayanagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Adh. Migr."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"1971","article-title":"Inhibition of cell motility after nm23 transfection of human and murine tumor cells","volume":"53","author":"Kantor","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.55.1432","article-title":"Biology of cancer and aging: A complex association with cellular senescence","volume":"32","author":"Falandry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2890","article-title":"Treatment-induced damage to the tumor microenvironment promotes prostate cancer therapy resistance through WNT16B","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-16-0241","article-title":"Cellular Senescence Promotes Adverse Effects of Chemotherapy and Cancer Relapse","volume":"7","author":"Demaria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201670910","article-title":"To clear, or not to clear (senescent cells)? That is the question","volume":"38","author":"Lujambio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.010","article-title":"From Ancient Pathways to Aging Cells-Connecting Metabolism and Cellular Senescence","volume":"23","author":"Wiley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3616","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.11.3616-3631.2001","article-title":"Requirement for p27(KIP1) in retinoblastoma protein-mediated senescence","volume":"21","author":"Alexander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2166342","article-title":"Failure to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma gene product in senescent human fibroblasts","volume":"249","author":"Stein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/13\/3\/477\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:48:18Z","timestamp":1760122098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/13\/3\/477"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["biom13030477"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom13030477","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,5]]}}}