{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T20:29:58Z","timestamp":1790972998748,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D is a steroid hormone with potent immune-modulating properties. It has been shown to stimulate innate immunity and induce immune tolerance. Extensive research efforts have shown that vitamin D deficiency may be related to the development of autoimmune diseases. Vitamin D deficiency has been observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and has been shown to be inversely related to disease activity. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency may be implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Vitamin D deficiency has also been observed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It has been found to be inversely related to disease activity and renal involvement. In addition, vitamin D receptor polymorphisms have been studied in SLE. Vitamin D levels have been studied in patients with Sjogren\u2019s syndrome, and vitamin D deficiency may be related to neuropathy and the development of lymphoma in the context of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome. Vitamin D deficiency has been observed in ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Vitamin D deficiency has also been observed in systemic sclerosis. Vitamin D deficiency may be implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity, and it may be administered to prevent autoimmune disease and reduce pain in the context of autoimmune rheumatic disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13040709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T06:06:18Z","timestamp":1682057178000},"page":"709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Vitamin D and Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lambros","family":"Athanassiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Asclepeion Hospital, Voula, GR16673 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Athens, GR11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2029-8372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ifigenia","family":"Kostoglou-Athanassiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Asclepeion Hospital, Voula, GR16673 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Koutsilieris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Athens, GR11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehuda","family":"Shoenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sassi, F., Tamone, C., and D\u2019Amelio, P. 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