{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:37:00Z","timestamp":1790181420505,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dry eye disease is a chronic disease of the ocular surface characterized by abnormal tear film composition, tear film instability, and ocular surface inflammation, affecting 5% to 50% of the population worldwide. Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) are systemic disorders with multi-organ involvement, including the eye, and play a significant role in dry eye. To date, most studies have focused on Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (one of the ARDs) since it manifests as two of the most common symptoms\u2013dry eyes and a dry mouth-and attracts physicians to explore the relationship between dry eye and ARDs. Many patients complained of dry eye related symptoms before they were diagnosed with ARDs, and ocular surface malaise is a sensitive indicator of the severity of ARDs. In addition, ARD related dry eye is also associated with some retinal diseases directly or indirectly, which are described in this review. This review also summarizes the incidence, epidemiological characteristics, pathogenesis, and accompanying ocular lesions of ARD\u2019s related dry eye, emphasizing the potential role of dry eye in recognition and monitoring among ARDs patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13050724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T03:38:07Z","timestamp":1682307487000},"page":"724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease Related Dry Eye and Its Association with Retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6196-3877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huimin","family":"Shan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunpeng","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. 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