{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:03:45Z","timestamp":1790417025770,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main contributors to global morbidity and mortality. Major pathogenic phenotypes of CVDs include the development of endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and hyper-inflammatory responses. These phenotypes have been found to overlap with the pathophysiological complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CVDs have been identified as major risk factors for severe and fatal COVID-19 states. The renin\u2013angiotensin system (RAS) is an important regulatory system in cardiovascular homeostasis. However, its dysregulation is observed in CVDs, where upregulation of angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) signaling via angiotensin II (AngII) leads to the AngII-dependent pathogenic development of CVDs. Additionally, the interaction between the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 leads to the downregulation of the latter, resulting in the dysregulation of the RAS. This dysregulation favors AngII\/AT1R toxic signaling pathways, providing a mechanical link between cardiovascular pathology and COVID-19. Therefore, inhibiting AngII\/AT1R signaling through angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has been indicated as a promising therapeutic approach to the treatment of COVID-19. Herein, we review the role of AngII in CVDs and its upregulation in COVID-19. We also provide a future direction for the potential implication of a novel class of ARBs called bisartans, which are speculated to contain multifunctional targeting towards COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13050787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T01:36:38Z","timestamp":1683077798000},"page":"787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Role of Angiotensin II in Cardiovascular Diseases: Introducing Bisartans as a Novel Therapy for Coronavirus 2019"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3613-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan","family":"Swiderski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4801-8061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Kate","family":"Gadanec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6788-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasso","family":"Apostolopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia"},{"name":"Immunology Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham J.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pepmetics Incorporated, 772 Murphy Place, Victoria, BC V8Y 3H4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Kelaidonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 26500 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5554-2964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"Matsoukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 26500 Patras, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Zulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amini, M., Zayeri, F., and Salehi, M. 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