{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T16:06:03Z","timestamp":1768925163542,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"Singapore Ministry of Health\u2019s National Medical Research Centre (NMRC) Transition Award","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRC\/TA\/0026\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/TA\/0026\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Japan Society of Promotion of Science Ronpaku","award":["NMRC\/TA\/0026\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/TA\/0026\/2014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current management of glaucomatous optic neuropathy is limited to intraocular pressure control. Neuroglobin (Ngb) is an endogenous neuroprotectant expressed in neurons and astrocytes. We recently showed that exogenous intravitreal Ngb reduced inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation in a rodent model of hypoxia. We thus hypothesised that IVT-Ngb may also be neuroprotective in experimental glaucoma (EG) by mitigating optic nerve (ON) astrogliosis and microgliosis as well as structural damage. In this study using a microbead-induced model of EG in six Cynomolgus primates, optical coherence imaging showed that Ngb-treated EG eyes had significantly less thinning of the peripapillary minimum rim width, retinal nerve fibre layer thickness, and ON head cupping than untreated EG eyes. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that ON astrocytes overexpressed Ngb following Ngb treatment. A reduction in complement 3 and cleaved-caspase 3 activated microglia and astrocytes was also noted. Our findings in higher-order primates recapitulate the effects of neuroprotection by Ngb treatment in rodent EG studies and suggest that Ngb may be a potential candidate for glaucoma neuroprotection in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13060961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T02:58:32Z","timestamp":1686193112000},"page":"961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Intravitreal Neuroglobin Mitigates Primate Experimental Glaucomatous Structural Damage in Association with Reduced Optic Nerve Microglial and Complement 3-Astrocyte Activation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anita S. Y.","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2013-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sai B. B.","family":"Tun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myoe N.","family":"Lynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Candice","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tin A.","family":"Tun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u00ebl J. A.","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory (OEIL), Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rehena","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6477-9784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veluchamy A.","family":"Barathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tin","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6810-0583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makoto","family":"Aihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2020.101817","article-title":"Glaucoma as a Neurodegenerative Disease Caused by Intrinsic Vulnerability Factors","volume":"193","author":"Jendelova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. 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