{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:45:15Z","timestamp":1791557115578,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is the most prevalent kind of dementia with roughly 135 million cases expected in the world by 2050. Unfortunately, current medications for the treatment of AD can only relieve symptoms but they do not act as disease-modifying agents that can stop the course of AD. Caffeine is one of the most widely used drugs in the world today, and a number of clinical studies suggest that drinking coffee may be good for health, especially in the fight against neurodegenerative conditions such as AD. Experimental works conducted \u201cin vivo\u201d and \u201cin vitro\u201d provide intriguing evidence that caffeine exerts its neuroprotective effects by antagonistically binding to A2A receptors (A2ARs), a subset of GPCRs that are triggered by the endogenous nucleoside adenosine. This review provides a summary of the scientific data supporting the critical role that A2ARs play in memory loss and cognitive decline, as well as the evidence supporting the protective benefits against neurodegeneration that may be attained by caffeine\u2019s antagonistic action on these receptors. They are a novel and fascinating target for regulating and enhancing synaptic activity, achieving symptomatic and potentially disease-modifying effects, and protecting against neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13060967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T02:59:57Z","timestamp":1686279597000},"page":"967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Caffeine for Prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Is the A2A Adenosine Receptor Its Target?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0839-6671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Merighi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Travagli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Nigro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9442-1428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Pasquini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Cappello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3936-5923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Contri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4562-1348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katia","family":"Varani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5027-1699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Vincenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier Andrea","family":"Borea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Gessi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.04.004","article-title":"Intake of Caffeine from All Sources and Reasons for Use by College Students","volume":"38","author":"Mahoney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. 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