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Tissue engineering has offered novel solutions to address this dilemma. In this technology, scaffolding biomaterials characteristics are of prime importance. Biological macromolecules are naturally derived polymers that have been extensively studied for various tissue engineering applications. This review discusses the recent advances, applications, and challenges of biological macromolecule-based scaffolds in urethral reconstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13081167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T01:27:46Z","timestamp":1690421266000},"page":"1167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Biological Macromolecule-Based Scaffolds for Urethra Reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Saeed","family":"Farzamfar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Organog\u00e9n\u00e8se Exp\u00e9rimentale\/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Richer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Organog\u00e9n\u00e8se Exp\u00e9rimentale\/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8904-0820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahya","family":"Rahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983963113, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Naji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983963113, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Aleahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0389-667X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Chabaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Organog\u00e9n\u00e8se Exp\u00e9rimentale\/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6680-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Bolduc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Organog\u00e9n\u00e8se Exp\u00e9rimentale\/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-019-02826-3","article-title":"Tissue engineering of the urethra: Where are we in 2019?","volume":"38","author":"Chapple","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. 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