{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:30:52Z","timestamp":1793147452246,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]],"date-time":"2023-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Galway Hardiman Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are ubiquitously expressed in the human body. They protect the brain and central nervous system from self and foreign antigens\/pathogens. The immune response elicited by these receptors culminates in the release of cytokines, chemokines, and interferons causing an inflammatory response, which can be both beneficial and harmful to neurodevelopment. In addition, the detrimental effects of TLR activation have been implicated in multiple neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\u2019s, multiple sclerosis, etc. Many studies also support the theory that cytokine imbalance may be involved in schizophrenia, and a vast amount of literature showcases the deleterious effects of this imbalance on cognitive performance in the human population. In this review, we examine the current literature on TLRs, their potential role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, factors affecting TLR activity that contribute towards the risk of schizophrenia, and lastly, the role of TLRs and their impact on cognitive performance in schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13081188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T01:26:40Z","timestamp":1690766800000},"page":"1188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Counting the Toll of Inflammation on Schizophrenia\u2014A Potential Role for Toll-like Receptors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4367-1720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saahithh Redddi","family":"Patlola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Donohoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9691-1671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Declan P.","family":"McKernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.08.017","article-title":"Heritability of Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia Spectrum Based on the Nationwide Danish Twin Register","volume":"83","author":"Hilker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. 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