{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:05:40Z","timestamp":1790996740155,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":253,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain","award":["PI18\/00540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/00540"]}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain","award":["PI21\/01683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01683"]}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain","award":["IB20134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IB20134"]}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain","award":["GR21073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR21073"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Extremadura, M\u00e9rida, Spain","award":["PI18\/00540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/00540"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Extremadura, M\u00e9rida, Spain","award":["PI21\/01683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01683"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Extremadura, M\u00e9rida, Spain","award":["IB20134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IB20134"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Extremadura, M\u00e9rida, Spain","award":["GR21073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR21073"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["PI18\/00540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/00540"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["PI21\/01683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01683"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["IB20134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IB20134"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["GR21073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR21073"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The possible usefulness of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) determinations in peripheral tissues (blood cells, salivary gland biopsies, olfactory mucosa, digestive tract, skin) and in biological fluids, except for cerebrospinal fluid (serum, plasma, saliva, feces, urine), as a marker of several diseases, has been the subject of numerous publications. This narrative review summarizes data from studies trying to determine the role of total, oligomeric, and phosphorylated aSyn determinations as a marker of various diseases, especially PD and other alpha-synucleinopathies. In summary, the results of studies addressing the determinations of aSyn in its different forms in peripheral tissues (especially in platelets, skin, and digestive tract, but also salivary glands and olfactory mucosa), in combination with other potential biomarkers, could be a useful tool to discriminate PD from controls and from other causes of parkinsonisms, including synucleinopathies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13081263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T09:13:44Z","timestamp":1692350024000},"page":"1263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Alpha-Synuclein in Peripheral Tissues as a Possible Marker for Neurological Diseases and Other Medical Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7558-7323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e9lix Javier","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Arganda del Rey, 28500 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8644-2210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hortensia","family":"Alonso-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Arganda del Rey, 28500 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8094-046X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3126-5111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Santos-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CHUAC\u2014Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coru\u00f1a, 15006 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6463-6321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Valbuena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6895-9160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A. G.","family":"Ag\u00fandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5321.2045","article-title":"Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"276","author":"Polymeropoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/42166","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies","volume":"388","author":"Spillantini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albert, K., K\u00e4lv\u00e4l\u00e4, S., Hakosalo, V., Syv\u00e4nen, V., Krupa, P., Niskanen, J., Peltonen, S., Sonninen, T.M., and Lehtonen, \u0160. 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