{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T02:31:58Z","timestamp":1787711518681,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Overseas Research Fellowship, an International Retinal Research Foundation Loris and David Rich Postdoctoral Scholars Award (SG) and a National Eye Institute","award":["R01EY012392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY012392"]}]},{"name":"Berkeley Research Impact Initiative (BRII) sponsored by the UC Berkeley Library","award":["R01EY012392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY012392"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: We previously reported differential gene expression of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) in guinea pig retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) after 1 day of hyperopic defocus, imposed with a negative contact lens (CLs). The study reported here sought to obtain insights into the temporal profiles of gene expression changes in Bmp2, as well as those of two closely related genes, the inhibitor of DNA binding 3 (Id3) and Noggin (Nog), both during myopia induction and when the CL treatment was terminated to allow recovery from induced myopia. Methods: To induce myopia, 2-week-old pigmented guinea pigs (New Zealand strain, n = 8) wore monocular \u221210 diopter (D) rigid gas-permeable (RGP) CLs for one week, while the other eye served as a control. Ocular measurements were made at baseline, 3 days, and 7 days after the initiation of CL wear, with treatment then being terminated and additional measurements being made after a further 3 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks. Spherical equivalent refractive errors (SERs), axial length (AL), choroidal thickness (ChT), and scleral thickness (ScT) data were collected using retinoscopy, optical biometry (Lenstar), and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), respectively. RPE samples were collected from both eyes of the guinea pigs after either 1 day or 1 week of CL wear or 1 day or 2 weeks after its termination, and RNA was subsequently isolated and subjected to quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses, targeting the Bmp2, Id3, and Nog genes. Results: Mean interocular differences (treated\u2014control) in AL and SER were significantly different from baseline after 3 and 7 days of CL wear, consistent with induced myopia (p &lt; 0.001 for all cases). Termination of CL wear resulted in the normalization (i.e., recovery) of the ALs and SERs of the treated eyes within 7 days, and the earlier significant ChT thinning with CL wear (p = 0004, day 7) was replaced by rapid thickening, which remained significant on day 7 (p = 0.009) but had normalized by day 14. The ChT changes were much smaller in magnitude than the AL changes in both phases. Interocular differences in the ScT showed no significant changes. The Bmp2 and Id3 genes were both significantly downregulated with CL wear, after 1 day (p = 0.012 and 0.016) and 7 days (p = 0.002 and 0.005), while Bmp2 gene expression increased and Nog gene expression decreased after the termination of CL wear, albeit transiently, which was significant on 1 day (p = 0.004 and 0.04) but not 2 weeks later. No change in Id3 gene expression was observed over the latter period. Conclusions: The above patterns of myopia induction and recovery validate this negative RGP-CL model as an alternative to traditional spectacle lens models for guinea pigs. The defocus-driven, sign-dependent changes in the expression of the Bmp2 gene in guinea pig RPE are consistent with observations in chicks and demonstrate the important role of BMP2 in eye growth regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13091373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T09:00:52Z","timestamp":1694422852000},"page":"1373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Changes in Expression in BMP2 and Two Closely Related Genes in Guinea Pig Retinal Pigment Epithelium during Induction and Recovery from Myopia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4171-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"So","family":"Goto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization, Tokyo Medical Center, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2076-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonal Aswin","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiurong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine F.","family":"Wildsoet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/519276a","article-title":"The myopia boom","volume":"519","author":"Dolgin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00231-4","article-title":"Myopia","volume":"6","author":"Baird","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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