{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T15:26:01Z","timestamp":1793460361370,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) regulates lipid metabolism contributing to cardiovascular (CV) risk in the general population. The relationship between PCSK9 and CV risk in systemic autoimmune diseases has been poorly explored. We investigated the association between plasma PCSK9, measures of immune\u2013inflammatory status and markers of atherosclerosis in 52 consecutive patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (pSS) in comparison to healthy controls (HCs). Median plasma PCSK9 levels were significantly higher in pSS patients versus HCs (162 (79\u2013255) vs. 53 (39\u201399) ng\/mL). Significantly higher prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and lower of dyslipidaemia (61% vs. 85%, p = 0.042) characterized pSS patients versus HCs. In pSS, no significant correlation emerged between PCSK9 and disease activity, atherosclerosis and lipid levels. In HCs, PCSK9 significantly correlated with lipid levels and atherosclerosis. Interestingly, significantly higher PCSK9 levels were found in HCs with high-to-very-high as compared to low-to-moderate CV risk (p = 0.018) while a non-significant trend towards higher PCSK9 levels was detected in pSS patients with low-to-moderate as compared to high-to-very-high CV risk (p = 0.060). This is the first demonstration that pSS patients, despite lower prevalence of dyslipidaemia and higher CV risk profile, are characterized by a 3-fold increase in PCSK9 levels in comparison to HCs. As PCSK9 does not correlate with measures of CV risk, its role in CV morbidity in pSS needs further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13091384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T21:34:12Z","timestamp":1694554452000},"page":"1384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring the Link between Plasma Levels of PCSK9, Immune Dysregulation and Atherosclerosis in Patients with Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Bianconi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1774-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Cafaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4694-5504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo Raffaele","family":"Mannarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4771-6981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Perricone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Cosentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onelia","family":"Bistoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Paltriccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7682-9817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Lombardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Gerli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Pirro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4776-2136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Bartoloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1702514","article-title":"Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"378","author":"Mariette","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. 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